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} h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { color:#3c6eb4; } table { border:1px solid #3c6eb4; } table th { background-color:#3c6eb4; } table tr.even td { background-color:#f5f5f5; } .revhistory table th { color:#3c6eb4; } .titlepage .edition { color: #3c6eb4; } </style><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /></head><body><div xml:lang="en" class="book" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="idm45980827508320"></a>dracut 4315674200253b280a016522188b64349776460f</h1></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Harald</span> <span class="surname">Hoyer</span></h3><code class="email"><<a class="email" href="mailto:harald@profian.com">harald@profian.com</a>></code></div></div></div><hr /></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="part"><a href="#_introduction">I. Introduction</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#_definition">1. Definition</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#_rationale">2. Rationale</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#_implementation">3. Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#_mount_preparations">4. Mount preparations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#_dracut_on_shutdown">5. Dracut on shutdown</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="#_user_manual">II. User Manual</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#_dracut_8">6. DRACUT(8)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_usage">USAGE</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_inspecting_the_contents">Inspecting the Contents</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_adding_dracut_modules">Adding dracut Modules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_omitting_dracut_modules">Omitting dracut Modules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_adding_kernel_modules">Adding Kernel Modules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_boot_parameters">Boot parameters</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#Injecting">Injecting custom Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#NetworkBoot">Network Boot</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#identifying-your-problem-area">Identifying your problem area</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#information-to-include-in-your-report">Information to include in your report</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#debugging-dracut">Debugging dracut</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_options">OPTIONS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_environment">ENVIRONMENT</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_files">FILES</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_configuration_in_the_initramfs">Configuration in the initramfs</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_availability">AVAILABILITY</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_authors">AUTHORS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#dracutconf5">7. DRACUT.CONF(5)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_2">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_synopsis_2">SYNOPSIS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_2">Description</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_files_2">Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_author">AUTHOR</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_2">See Also</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#dracutcmdline7">8. DRACUT.CMDLINE(7)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_3">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_3">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_standard">Standard</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_iso_scan_filename">iso-scan/filename</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_misc">Misc</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#dracutkerneldebug">Debug</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_i18n">I18N</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_lvm">LVM</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_crypto_luks">crypto LUKS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_crypto_luks_key_on_removable_device_support">crypto LUKS - key on removable device support</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_md_raid">MD RAID</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_dm_raid">DM RAID</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_multipath">MULTIPATH</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_fips">FIPS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_network">Network</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_nfs">NFS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_cifs">CIFS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_iscsi">iSCSI</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_fcoe">FCoE</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_nvmf">NVMf</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_nbd">NBD</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_virtiofs">VIRTIOFS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_dasd">DASD</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_zfcp">ZFCP</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_znet">ZNET</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_booting_live_images">Booting live images</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_zipl">ZIPL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_cio_ignore">CIO_IGNORE</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_plymouth_boot_splash">Plymouth Boot Splash</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_kernel_keys">Kernel keys</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_deprecated_renamed_options">Deprecated, renamed Options</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_configuration_in_the_initramfs_2">Configuration in the Initramfs</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_author_2">AUTHOR</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_3">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#lsinitrd1">9. LSINITRD(1)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_4">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_synopsis_3">SYNOPSIS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_4">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_options_2">OPTIONS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_availability_2">AVAILABILITY</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_authors_2">AUTHORS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_4">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#_developer_manual">10. Developer Manual</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#dracutmodules7">11. DRACUT.MODULES(7)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_5">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_5">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#stages">Boot Process Stages</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_cmdline">Hook: cmdline</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_pre_udev">Hook: pre-udev</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_start_udev">Start Udev</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_pre_trigger">Hook: pre-trigger</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_trigger_udev">Trigger Udev</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_main_loop">Main Loop</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_pre_mount">Hook: pre-mount</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_mount">Hook: mount</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_pre_pivot">Hook: pre-pivot</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_cleanup">Hook: cleanup</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_cleanup_and_switch_root">Cleanup and switch_root</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_network_infrastructure">Network Infrastructure</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_writing_a_module">Writing a Module</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_module_setup_sh_check">module-setup.sh: check()</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_module_setup_sh_depends">module-setup.sh: depends()</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_module_setup_sh_cmdline">module-setup.sh: cmdline()</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_module_setup_sh_install">module-setup.sh: install()</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_module_setup_sh_installkernel">module-setup.sh: installkernel()</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_anchor_id_creation_xreflabel_creation_creation_functions">Creation Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_initramfs_functions">Initramfs Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_network_modules">Network Modules</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_author_3">AUTHOR</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_5">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#dracutbootup7">12. DRACUT.BOOTUP(7)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_6">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_6">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_author_4">AUTHOR</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_6">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="#_license">A. License</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="part"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="_introduction"></a>Part I. Introduction</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#_definition">1. Definition</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#_rationale">2. Rationale</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#_implementation">3. Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#_mount_preparations">4. Mount preparations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#_dracut_on_shutdown">5. Dracut on shutdown</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>This section is a modified version of <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initrd" target="_top">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initrd</a> which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.</p><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="_definition"></a>Chapter 1. Definition</h2></div></div></div><p>An <span class="emphasis"><em>initial ramdisk</em></span> is a temporary file system used in the boot process of the Linux kernel. <span class="emphasis"><em>initrd</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>initramfs</em></span> refer to slightly different schemes for loading this file system into memory. Both are commonly used to make preparations before the real root file system can be mounted.</p></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="_rationale"></a>Chapter 2. Rationale</h2></div></div></div><p>Many Linux distributions ship a single, generic kernel image that is intended to boot as wide a variety of hardware as possible. The device drivers for this generic kernel image are included as loadable modules, as it is not possible to statically compile them all into the one kernel without making it too large to boot from computers with limited memory or from lower-capacity media like floppy disks.</p><p>This then raises the problem of detecting and loading the modules necessary to mount the root file system at boot time (or, for that matter, deducing where or what the root file system is).</p><p>To further complicate matters, the root file system may be on a software RAID volume, LVM, NFS (on diskless workstations), or on an encrypted partition. All of these require special preparations to mount.</p><p>Another complication is kernel support for hibernation, which suspends the computer to disk by dumping an image of the entire system to a swap partition or a regular file, then powering off. On next boot, this image has to be made accessible before it can be loaded back into memory.</p><p>To avoid having to hardcode handling for so many special cases into the kernel, an initial boot stage with a temporary root file system —now dubbed early user space— is used. This root file system would contain user-space helpers that would do the hardware detection, module loading and device discovery necessary to get the real root file system mounted.</p></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="_implementation"></a>Chapter 3. Implementation</h2></div></div></div><p>An image of this initial root file system (along with the kernel image) must be stored somewhere accessible by the Linux bootloader or the boot firmware of the computer. This can be:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"> The root file system itself </li><li class="listitem"> A boot image on an optical disc </li><li class="listitem"> A small ext2/ext3 or FAT-formatted partition on a local disk (a <span class="emphasis"><em>boot partition</em></span>) </li><li class="listitem"> A TFTP server (on systems that can boot from Ethernet) </li></ul></div><p>The bootloader will load the kernel and initial root file system image into memory and then start the kernel, passing in the memory address of the image.</p><p>Depending on which algorithms were compiled statically into it, the kernel can currently unpack initrd/initramfs images compressed with gzip, bzip2 and LZMA.</p></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="_mount_preparations"></a>Chapter 4. Mount preparations</h2></div></div></div><p>dracut can generate a customized initramfs image which contains only whatever is necessary to boot some particular computer, such as ATA, SCSI and filesystem kernel modules (host-only mode).</p><p>dracut can also generate a more generic initramfs image (default mode).</p><p>dracut’s initramfs starts only with the device name of the root file system (or its UUID) and must discover everything else at boot time. A complex cascade of tasks must be performed to get the root file system mounted:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"> Any hardware drivers that the boot process depends on must be loaded. All kernel modules for common storage devices are packed onto the initramfs and then udev pulls in modules matching the computer’s detected hardware. </li><li class="listitem"> On systems which display a boot rd.splash screen, the video hardware must be initialized and a user-space helper started to paint animations onto the display in lockstep with the boot process. </li><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara"> If the root file system is on NFS, dracut does then: </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"> Bring up the primary network interface. </li><li class="listitem"> Invoke a DHCP client, with which it can obtain a DHCP lease. </li><li class="listitem"> Extract the name of the NFS share and the address of the NFS server from the lease. </li><li class="listitem"> Mount the NFS share. </li></ul></div></li><li class="listitem"> If the root file system appears to be on a software RAID device, there is no way of knowing which devices the RAID volume spans; the standard MD utilities must be invoked to scan all available block devices with a raid signature and bring the required ones online. </li><li class="listitem"> If the root file system appears to be on a logical volume, the LVM utilities must be invoked to scan for and activate the volume group containing it. </li><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara"> If the root file system is on an encrypted block device: </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"> Invoke a helper script to prompt the user to type in a passphrase and/or insert a hardware token (such as a smart card or a USB security dongle). </li></ul></div></li><li class="listitem"> Create a decryption target with the device mapper. </li></ul></div><p>dracut uses udev, an event-driven hotplug agent, which invokes helper programs as hardware devices, disk partitions and storage volumes matching certain rules come online. This allows discovery to run in parallel, and to progressively cascade into arbitrary nestings of LVM, RAID or encryption to get at the root file system.</p><p>When the root file system finally becomes visible:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"> Any maintenance tasks which cannot run on a mounted root file system are done. </li><li class="listitem"> The root file system is mounted read-only. </li><li class="listitem"> Any processes which must continue running (such as the rd.splash screen helper and its command FIFO) are hoisted into the newly-mounted root file system. </li></ul></div><p>The final root file system cannot simply be mounted over /, since that would make the scripts and tools on the initial root file system inaccessible for any final cleanup tasks. On an initramfs, the initial root file system cannot be rotated away. Instead, it is simply emptied and the final root file system mounted over the top.</p><p>If the systemd module is used in the initramfs, the ordering of the services started looks like <a class="xref" href="#dracutbootup7" title="Chapter 12. DRACUT.BOOTUP(7)">Chapter 12, <em>DRACUT.BOOTUP(7)</em></a>.</p></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="_dracut_on_shutdown"></a>Chapter 5. Dracut on shutdown</h2></div></div></div><p>On a systemd driven system, the dracut initramfs is also used for the shutdown procedure.</p><p>The following steps are executed during a shutdown:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"> systemd switches to the shutdown.target </li><li class="listitem"> systemd starts $prefix/lib/systemd/system/shutdown.target.wants/dracut-shutdown.service </li><li class="listitem"> dracut-shutdown.service executes /usr/lib/dracut/dracut-initramfs-restore which unpacks the initramfs to /run/initramfs </li><li class="listitem"> systemd finishes shutdown.target </li><li class="listitem"> systemd kills all processes </li><li class="listitem"> systemd tries to unmount everything and mounts the remaining read-only </li><li class="listitem"> systemd checks, if there is a /run/initramfs/shutdown executable </li><li class="listitem"> if yes, it does a pivot_root to /run/initramfs and executes ./shutdown. The old root is then mounted on /oldroot. /usr/lib/dracut/modules.d/99shutdown/shutdown.sh is the shutdown executable. </li><li class="listitem"> shutdown will try to unmount every /oldroot mount and calls the various shutdown hooks from the dracut modules </li></ul></div><p>This ensures, that all devices are disassembled and unmounted cleanly.</p></div></div><div class="part"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="_user_manual"></a>Part II. User Manual</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#_dracut_8">6. DRACUT(8)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_usage">USAGE</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_inspecting_the_contents">Inspecting the Contents</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_adding_dracut_modules">Adding dracut Modules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_omitting_dracut_modules">Omitting dracut Modules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_adding_kernel_modules">Adding Kernel Modules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_boot_parameters">Boot parameters</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#Injecting">Injecting custom Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#NetworkBoot">Network Boot</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#identifying-your-problem-area">Identifying your problem area</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#information-to-include-in-your-report">Information to include in your report</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#debugging-dracut">Debugging dracut</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_options">OPTIONS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_environment">ENVIRONMENT</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_files">FILES</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_configuration_in_the_initramfs">Configuration in the initramfs</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_availability">AVAILABILITY</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_authors">AUTHORS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#dracutconf5">7. DRACUT.CONF(5)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_2">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_synopsis_2">SYNOPSIS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_2">Description</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_files_2">Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_author">AUTHOR</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_2">See Also</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#dracutcmdline7">8. DRACUT.CMDLINE(7)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_3">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_3">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_standard">Standard</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_iso_scan_filename">iso-scan/filename</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_misc">Misc</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#dracutkerneldebug">Debug</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_i18n">I18N</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_lvm">LVM</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_crypto_luks">crypto LUKS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_crypto_luks_key_on_removable_device_support">crypto LUKS - key on removable device support</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_md_raid">MD RAID</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_dm_raid">DM RAID</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_multipath">MULTIPATH</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_fips">FIPS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_network">Network</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_nfs">NFS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_cifs">CIFS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_iscsi">iSCSI</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_fcoe">FCoE</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_nvmf">NVMf</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_nbd">NBD</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_virtiofs">VIRTIOFS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_dasd">DASD</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_zfcp">ZFCP</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_znet">ZNET</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_booting_live_images">Booting live images</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_zipl">ZIPL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_cio_ignore">CIO_IGNORE</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_plymouth_boot_splash">Plymouth Boot Splash</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_kernel_keys">Kernel keys</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_deprecated_renamed_options">Deprecated, renamed Options</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_configuration_in_the_initramfs_2">Configuration in the Initramfs</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_author_2">AUTHOR</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_3">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#lsinitrd1">9. LSINITRD(1)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_4">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_synopsis_3">SYNOPSIS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_4">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_options_2">OPTIONS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_availability_2">AVAILABILITY</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_authors_2">AUTHORS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_4">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#_developer_manual">10. Developer Manual</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#dracutmodules7">11. DRACUT.MODULES(7)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_5">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_5">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#stages">Boot Process Stages</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_cmdline">Hook: cmdline</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_pre_udev">Hook: pre-udev</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_start_udev">Start Udev</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_pre_trigger">Hook: pre-trigger</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_trigger_udev">Trigger Udev</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_main_loop">Main Loop</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_pre_mount">Hook: pre-mount</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_mount">Hook: mount</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_pre_pivot">Hook: pre-pivot</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_cleanup">Hook: cleanup</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_cleanup_and_switch_root">Cleanup and switch_root</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_network_infrastructure">Network Infrastructure</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_writing_a_module">Writing a Module</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_module_setup_sh_check">module-setup.sh: check()</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_module_setup_sh_depends">module-setup.sh: depends()</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_module_setup_sh_cmdline">module-setup.sh: cmdline()</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_module_setup_sh_install">module-setup.sh: install()</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_module_setup_sh_installkernel">module-setup.sh: installkernel()</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_anchor_id_creation_xreflabel_creation_creation_functions">Creation Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_initramfs_functions">Initramfs Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_network_modules">Network Modules</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_author_3">AUTHOR</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_5">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#dracutbootup7">12. DRACUT.BOOTUP(7)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_6">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_6">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_author_4">AUTHOR</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_6">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="#_license">A. License</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="_dracut_8"></a>Chapter 6. DRACUT(8)</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_usage">USAGE</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_inspecting_the_contents">Inspecting the Contents</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_adding_dracut_modules">Adding dracut Modules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_omitting_dracut_modules">Omitting dracut Modules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_adding_kernel_modules">Adding Kernel Modules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_boot_parameters">Boot parameters</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#Injecting">Injecting custom Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#NetworkBoot">Network Boot</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#identifying-your-problem-area">Identifying your problem area</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#information-to-include-in-your-report">Information to include in your report</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#debugging-dracut">Debugging dracut</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_options">OPTIONS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_environment">ENVIRONMENT</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_files">FILES</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_configuration_in_the_initramfs">Configuration in the initramfs</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_availability">AVAILABILITY</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_authors">AUTHORS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_name"></a>NAME</h2></div></div></div><p>dracut - low-level tool for generating an initramfs/initrd image</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_synopsis"></a>SYNOPSIS</h2></div></div></div><p><span class="strong"><strong>dracut</strong></span> [<span class="emphasis"><em>OPTION…</em></span>] [<span class="emphasis"><em><image></em></span> [<span class="emphasis"><em><kernel version></em></span>]]</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_description"></a>DESCRIPTION</h2></div></div></div><p>Create an initramfs <image> for the kernel with the version <kernel version>. If <kernel version> is omitted, then the version of the actual running kernel is used. If <image> is omitted or empty, depending on bootloader specification, the default location can be <span class="emphasis"><em>/efi/<machine-id>/<kernel-version>/initrd</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>/boot/<machine-id>/<kernel-version>/initrd</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>/boot/efi/<machine-id>/<kernel-version>/initrd</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>/lib/modules/<kernel-version>/initrd</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>/boot/initramfs-<kernel-version>.img</em></span>.</p><p>dracut creates an initial image used by the kernel for preloading the block device modules (such as IDE, SCSI or RAID) which are needed to access the root filesystem, mounting the root filesystem and booting into the real system.</p><p>At boot time, the kernel unpacks that archive into RAM disk, mounts and uses it as initial root file system. All finding of the root device happens in this early userspace.</p><p>Initramfs images are also called "initrd".</p><p>For a complete list of kernel command line options see <span class="strong"><strong>dracut.cmdline</strong></span>(7).</p><p>If you are dropped to an emergency shell, while booting your initramfs, the file <span class="emphasis"><em>/run/initramfs/rdsosreport.txt</em></span> is created, which can be saved to a (to be mounted by hand) partition (usually /boot) or a USB stick. Additional debugging info can be produced by adding <span class="strong"><strong>rd.debug</strong></span> to the kernel command line. <span class="emphasis"><em>/run/initramfs/rdsosreport.txt</em></span> contains all logs and the output of some tools. It should be attached to any report about dracut problems.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_usage"></a>USAGE</h2></div></div></div><p>To create a initramfs image, the most simple command is:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut</pre><p>This will generate a general purpose initramfs image, with all possible functionality resulting of the combination of the installed dracut modules and system tools. The image, depending on bootloader specification, can be <span class="emphasis"><em>/efi/</em></span><code class="literal"><machine-id></code><span class="emphasis"><em>/</em></span><code class="literal"><kernel-version></code><span class="emphasis"><em>/initrd</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>/boot/</em></span><code class="literal"><machine-id></code><span class="emphasis"><em>/</em></span><code class="literal"><kernel-version></code><span class="emphasis"><em>/initrd</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>/boot/efi/</em></span><code class="literal"><machine-id></code><span class="emphasis"><em>/</em></span><code class="literal"><kernel-version></code><span class="emphasis"><em>/initrd</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>/lib/modules/</em></span><code class="literal"><kernel-version></code><span class="emphasis"><em>/initrd</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>/boot/initramfs-</em></span><code class="literal"><kernel-version></code><span class="emphasis"><em>.img</em></span> and contains the kernel modules of the currently active kernel with version <span class="emphasis"><em><code class="literal"><kernel-version></code></em></span>.</p><p>If the initramfs image already exists, dracut will display an error message, and to overwrite the existing image, you have to use the --force option.</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --force</pre><p>If you want to specify another filename for the resulting image you would issue a command like:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut foobar.img</pre><p>To generate an image for a specific kernel version, the command would be:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut foobar.img 2.6.40-1.rc5.f20</pre><p>A shortcut to generate the image at the default location for a specific kernel version is:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --kver 2.6.40-1.rc5.f20</pre><p>If you want to create lighter, smaller initramfs images, you may want to specify the --hostonly or -H option. Using this option, the resulting image will contain only those dracut modules, kernel modules and filesystems, which are needed to boot this specific machine. This has the drawback, that you can’t put the disk on another controller or machine, and that you can’t switch to another root filesystem, without recreating the initramfs image. The usage of the --hostonly option is only for experts and you will have to keep the broken pieces. At least keep a copy of a general purpose image (and corresponding kernel) as a fallback to rescue your system.</p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_inspecting_the_contents"></a>Inspecting the Contents</h3></div></div></div><p>To see the contents of the image created by dracut, you can use the lsinitrd tool.</p><pre class="screen"># lsinitrd | less</pre><p>To display the contents of a file in the initramfs also use the lsinitrd tool:</p><pre class="screen"># lsinitrd -f /etc/ld.so.conf include ld.so.conf.d/*.conf</pre></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_adding_dracut_modules"></a>Adding dracut Modules</h3></div></div></div><p>Some dracut modules are turned off by default and have to be activated manually. You can do this by adding the dracut modules to the configuration file <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf.d/myconf.conf</em></span>. See <span class="strong"><strong>dracut.conf</strong></span>(5). You can also add dracut modules on the command line by using the -a or --add option:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --add module initramfs-module.img</pre><p>To see a list of available dracut modules, use the --list-modules option:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --list-modules</pre></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_omitting_dracut_modules"></a>Omitting dracut Modules</h3></div></div></div><p>Sometimes you don’t want a dracut module to be included for reasons of speed, size or functionality. To do this, either specify the omit_dracutmodules variable in the <span class="emphasis"><em>dracut.conf</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf.d/myconf.conf</em></span> configuration file (see <span class="strong"><strong>dracut.conf</strong></span>(5)), or use the -o or --omit option on the command line:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut -o "multipath lvm" no-multipath-lvm.img</pre></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_adding_kernel_modules"></a>Adding Kernel Modules</h3></div></div></div><p>If you need a special kernel module in the initramfs, which is not automatically picked up by dracut, you have the use the --add-drivers option on the command line or the drivers variable in the <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf.d/myconf.conf</em></span> configuration file (see <span class="strong"><strong>dracut.conf</strong></span>(5)):</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --add-drivers mymod initramfs-with-mymod.img</pre></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_boot_parameters"></a>Boot parameters</h3></div></div></div><p>An initramfs generated without the "hostonly" mode, does not contain any system configuration files (except for some special exceptions), so the configuration has to be done on the kernel command line. With this flexibility, you can easily boot from a changed root partition, without the need to recompile the initramfs image. So, you could completely change your root partition (move it inside a md raid with encryption and LVM on top), as long as you specify the correct filesystem LABEL or UUID on the kernel command line for your root device, dracut will find it and boot from it.</p><p>The kernel command line can also be provided by the dhcp server with the root-path option. See <a class="xref" href="#NetworkBoot" title="Network Boot">the section called “Network Boot”</a>.</p><p>For a full reference of all kernel command line parameters, see <span class="strong"><strong>dracut.cmdline</strong></span>(7).</p><p>To get a quick start for the suitable kernel command line on your system, use the <span class="emphasis"><em>--print-cmdline</em></span> option:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --print-cmdline root=UUID=8b8b6f91-95c7-4da2-831b-171e12179081 rootflags=rw,relatime,discard,data=ordered rootfstype=ext4</pre><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_specifying_the_root_device"></a>Specifying the root Device</h4></div></div></div><p>This is the only option dracut really needs to boot from your root partition. Because your root partition can live in various environments, there are a lot of formats for the root= option. The most basic one is root=<span class="emphasis"><em><code class="literal"><path to device node></code></em></span>:</p><pre class="screen">root=/dev/sda2</pre><p>Because device node names can change, dependent on the drive ordering, you are encouraged to use the filesystem identifier (UUID) or filesystem label (LABEL) to specify your root partition:</p><pre class="screen">root=UUID=19e9dda3-5a38-484d-a9b0-fa6b067d0331</pre><p>or</p><pre class="screen">root=LABEL=myrootpartitionlabel</pre><p>To see all UUIDs or LABELs on your system, do:</p><pre class="screen"># ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid</pre><p>or</p><pre class="screen"># ls -l /dev/disk/by-label</pre><p>If your root partition is on the network see <a class="xref" href="#NetworkBoot" title="Network Boot">the section called “Network Boot”</a>.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_keyboard_settings"></a>Keyboard Settings</h4></div></div></div><p>If you have to input passwords for encrypted disk volumes, you might want to set the keyboard layout and specify a display font.</p><p>A typical german kernel command line would contain:</p><pre class="screen">rd.vconsole.font=eurlatgr rd.vconsole.keymap=de-latin1-nodeadkeys rd.locale.LANG=de_DE.UTF-8</pre><p>Setting these options can override the setting stored on your system, if you use a modern init system, like systemd.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_blacklisting_kernel_modules"></a>Blacklisting Kernel Modules</h4></div></div></div><p>Sometimes it is required to prevent the automatic kernel module loading of a specific kernel module. To do this, just add rd.blacklist=<span class="emphasis"><em><code class="literal"><kernel module name></code></em></span>, with <span class="emphasis"><em><code class="literal"><kernel module name></code></em></span> not containing the <span class="emphasis"><em>.ko</em></span> suffix, to the kernel command line. For example:</p><pre class="screen">rd.driver.blacklist=mptsas rd.driver.blacklist=nouveau</pre><p>The option can be specified multiple times on the kernel command line.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_speeding_up_the_boot_process"></a>Speeding up the Boot Process</h4></div></div></div><p>If you want to speed up the boot process, you can specify as much information for dracut on the kernel command as possible. For example, you can tell dracut, that you root partition is not on a LVM volume or not on a raid partition, or that it lives inside a specific crypto LUKS encrypted volume. By default, dracut searches everywhere. A typical dracut kernel command line for a plain primary or logical partition would contain:</p><pre class="screen">rd.luks=0 rd.lvm=0 rd.md=0 rd.dm=0</pre><p>This turns off every automatic assembly of LVM, MD raids, DM raids and crypto LUKS.</p><p>Of course, you could also omit the dracut modules in the initramfs creation process, but then you would lose the possibility to turn it on on demand.</p></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="Injecting"></a>Injecting custom Files</h3></div></div></div><p>To add your own files to the initramfs image, you have several possibilities.</p><p>The --include option let you specify a source path and a target path. For example</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --include cmdline-preset /etc/cmdline.d/mycmdline.conf initramfs-cmdline-pre.img</pre><p>will create an initramfs image, where the file cmdline-preset will be copied inside the initramfs to <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/cmdline.d/mycmdline.conf</em></span>. --include can only be specified once.</p><pre class="screen"># mkdir -p rd.live.overlay/etc/cmdline.d # mkdir -p rd.live.overlay/etc/conf.d # echo "ip=dhcp" >> rd.live.overlay/etc/cmdline.d/mycmdline.conf # echo export FOO=testtest >> rd.live.overlay/etc/conf.d/testvar.conf # echo export BAR=testtest >> rd.live.overlay/etc/conf.d/testvar.conf # tree rd.live.overlay/ rd.live.overlay/ `-- etc |-- cmdline.d | `-- mycmdline.conf `-- conf.d `-- testvar.conf # dracut --include rd.live.overlay / initramfs-rd.live.overlay.img</pre><p>This will put the contents of the rd.live.overlay directory into the root of the initramfs image.</p><p>The --install option let you specify several files, which will get installed in the initramfs image at the same location, as they are present on initramfs creation time.</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --install 'strace fsck.ext3 ssh' initramfs-dbg.img</pre><p>This will create an initramfs with the strace, fsck.ext3 and ssh executables, together with the libraries needed to start those. The --install option can be specified multiple times.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="NetworkBoot"></a>Network Boot</h3></div></div></div><p>If your root partition is on a network drive, you have to have the network dracut modules installed to create a network aware initramfs image.</p><p>If you specify ip=dhcp on the kernel command line, then dracut asks a dhcp server about the ip address for the machine. The dhcp server can also serve an additional root-path, which will set the root device for dracut. With this mechanism, you have static configuration on your client machine and a centralized boot configuration on your TFTP/DHCP server. If you can’t pass a kernel command line, then you can inject <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/cmdline.d/mycmdline.conf</em></span>, with a method described in <a class="xref" href="#Injecting" title="Injecting custom Files">the section called “Injecting custom Files”</a>.</p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_reducing_the_image_size"></a>Reducing the Image Size</h4></div></div></div><p>To reduce the size of the initramfs, you should create it with by omitting all dracut modules, which you know, you don’t need to boot the machine.</p><p>You can also specify the exact dracut and kernel modules to produce a very tiny initramfs image.</p><p>For example for a NFS image, you would do:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut -m "nfs network base" initramfs-nfs-only.img</pre><p>Then you would boot from this image with your target machine and reduce the size once more by creating it on the target machine with the --host-only option:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut -m "nfs network base" --host-only initramfs-nfs-host-only.img</pre><p>This will reduce the size of the initramfs image significantly.</p></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_troubleshooting"></a>Troubleshooting</h2></div></div></div><p>If the boot process does not succeed, you have several options to debug the situation. Some of the basic operations are covered here. For more information you should also visit: <a class="ulink" href="https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/boot/dracut/dracut.html" target="_top">https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/boot/dracut/dracut.html</a></p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="identifying-your-problem-area"></a>Identifying your problem area</h3></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"> Remove <span class="emphasis"><em>'rhgb</em></span>' and <span class="emphasis"><em>'quiet</em></span>' from the kernel command line </li><li class="listitem"> Add <span class="emphasis"><em>'rd.shell</em></span>' to the kernel command line. This will present a shell should dracut be unable to locate your root device </li><li class="listitem"> Add <span class="emphasis"><em>'rd.shell rd.debug log_buf_len=1M</em></span>' to the kernel command line so that dracut shell commands are printed as they are executed </li><li class="listitem"> The file /run/initramfs/rdsosreport.txt is generated, which contains all the logs and the output of all significant tools, which are mentioned later. </li></ol></div><p>If you want to save that output, simply mount /boot by hand or insert an USB stick and mount that. Then you can store the output for later inspection.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="information-to-include-in-your-report"></a>Information to include in your report</h3></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="all-bug-reports"></a>All bug reports</h4></div></div></div><p>In all cases, the following should be mentioned and attached to your bug report:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"> The exact kernel command-line used. Typically from the bootloader configuration file (e.g. <span class="emphasis"><em>/boot/grub2/grub.cfg</em></span>) or from <span class="emphasis"><em>/proc/cmdline</em></span>. </li><li class="listitem"> A copy of your disk partition information from <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/fstab</em></span>, which might be obtained booting an old working initramfs or a rescue medium. </li><li class="listitem"> Turn on dracut debugging (see <span class="emphasis"><em>the <span class="emphasis"><em>debugging dracut</em></span> section</em></span>), and attach the file /run/initramfs/rdsosreport.txt. </li><li class="listitem"> If you use a dracut configuration file, please include <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf</em></span> and all files in <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf.d/*.conf</em></span> </li></ul></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="network-root-device-related-problems"></a>Network root device related problems</h4></div></div></div><p>This section details information to include when experiencing problems on a system whose root device is located on a network attached volume (e.g. iSCSI, NFS or NBD). As well as the information from <a class="xref" href="#all-bug-reports" title="All bug reports">the section called “All bug reports”</a>, include the following information:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara"> Please include the output of </p><pre class="screen"># /sbin/ifup <interfacename> # ip addr show</pre></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debugging-dracut"></a>Debugging dracut</h3></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="configure-a-serial-console"></a>Configure a serial console</h4></div></div></div><p>Successfully debugging dracut will require some form of console logging during the system boot. This section documents configuring a serial console connection to record boot messages.</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"> First, enable serial console output for both the kernel and the bootloader. </li><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara"> Open the file <span class="emphasis"><em>/boot/grub2/grub.cfg</em></span> for editing. Below the line <span class="emphasis"><em>'timeout=5</em></span>', add the following: </p><pre class="screen">serial --unit=0 --speed=9600 terminal --timeout=5 serial console</pre></li><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara"> Also in <span class="emphasis"><em>/boot/grub2/grub.cfg</em></span>, add the following boot arguments to the <span class="emphasis"><em>'kernel</em></span>' line: </p><pre class="screen">console=tty0 console=ttyS0,9600</pre></li><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara"> When finished, the <span class="emphasis"><em>/boot/grub2/grub.cfg</em></span> file should look similar to the example below. </p><pre class="screen">default=0 timeout=5 serial --unit=0 --speed=9600 terminal --timeout=5 serial console title Fedora (2.6.29.5-191.fc11.x86_64) root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.29.5-191.fc11.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_uc1-lv_root console=tty0 console=ttyS0,9600 initrd /dracut-2.6.29.5-191.fc11.x86_64.img</pre></li><li class="listitem"> More detailed information on how to configure the kernel for console output can be found at <a class="ulink" href="http://www.faqs.org/docs/Linux-HOWTO/Remote-Serial-Console-HOWTO.html#CONFIGURE-KERNEL" target="_top">http://www.faqs.org/docs/Linux-HOWTO/Remote-Serial-Console-HOWTO.html#CONFIGURE-KERNEL</a>. </li><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara"> Redirecting non-interactive output </p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>You can redirect all non-interactive output to <span class="emphasis"><em>/dev/kmsg</em></span> and the kernel will put it out on the console when it reaches the kernel buffer by doing</p></div><pre class="screen"># exec >/dev/kmsg 2>&1 </dev/console</pre></li></ol></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="using-the-dracut-shell"></a>Using the dracut shell</h4></div></div></div><p>dracut offers a shell for interactive debugging in the event dracut fails to locate your root filesystem. To enable the shell:</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"> Add the boot parameter <span class="emphasis"><em>'rd.shell</em></span>' to your bootloader configuration file (e.g. <span class="emphasis"><em>/boot/grub2/grub.cfg</em></span>) </li><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara"> Remove the boot arguments <span class="emphasis"><em>'rhgb</em></span>' and <span class="emphasis"><em>'quiet</em></span>' </p><p class="simpara">A sample <span class="emphasis"><em>/boot/grub2/grub.cfg</em></span> bootloader configuration file is listed below.</p><pre class="screen">default=0 timeout=5 serial --unit=0 --speed=9600 terminal --timeout=5 serial console title Fedora (2.6.29.5-191.fc11.x86_64) root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.29.5-191.fc11.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_uc1-lv_root console=tty0 rd.shell initrd /dracut-2.6.29.5-191.fc11.x86_64.img</pre></li><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara"> If system boot fails, you will be dropped into a shell as seen in the example below. </p><pre class="screen">No root device found Dropping to debug shell. #</pre></li><li class="listitem"> Use this shell prompt to gather the information requested above (see <a class="xref" href="#all-bug-reports" title="All bug reports">the section called “All bug reports”</a>). </li></ol></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="accessing-the-root-volume-from-the-dracut-shell"></a>Accessing the root volume from the dracut shell</h4></div></div></div><p>From the dracut debug shell, you can manually perform the task of locating and preparing your root volume for boot. The required steps will depend on how your root volume is configured. Common scenarios include:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"> A block device (e.g. <span class="emphasis"><em>/dev/sda7</em></span>) </li><li class="listitem"> A LVM logical volume (e.g. <span class="emphasis"><em>/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00</em></span>) </li><li class="listitem"> An encrypted device (e.g. <span class="emphasis"><em>/dev/mapper/luks-4d5972ea-901c-4584-bd75-1da802417d83</em></span>) </li><li class="listitem"> A network attached device (e.g. <span class="emphasis"><em>netroot=iscsi:@192.168.0.4::3260::iqn.2009-02.org.example:for.all</em></span>) </li></ul></div><p>The exact method for locating and preparing will vary. However, to continue with a successful boot, the objective is to locate your root volume and create a symlink <span class="emphasis"><em>/dev/root</em></span> which points to the file system. For example, the following example demonstrates accessing and booting a root volume that is an encrypted LVM Logical volume.</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara"> Inspect your partitions using parted </p><pre class="screen"># parted /dev/sda -s p Model: ATA HTS541060G9AT00 (scsi) Disk /dev/sda: 60.0GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 32.3kB 10.8GB 107MB primary ext4 boot 2 10.8GB 55.6GB 44.7GB logical lvm</pre></li><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara"> You recall that your root volume was a LVM logical volume. Scan and activate any logical volumes. </p><pre class="screen"># lvm vgscan # lvm vgchange -ay</pre></li><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara"> You should see any logical volumes now using the command blkid: </p><pre class="screen"># blkid /dev/sda1: UUID="3de247f3-5de4-4a44-afc5-1fe179750cf7" TYPE="ext4" /dev/sda2: UUID="Ek4dQw-cOtq-5MJu-OGRF-xz5k-O2l8-wdDj0I" TYPE="LVM2_member" /dev/mapper/linux-root: UUID="def0269e-424b-4752-acf3-1077bf96ad2c" TYPE="crypto_LUKS" /dev/mapper/linux-home: UUID="c69127c1-f153-4ea2-b58e-4cbfa9257c5e" TYPE="ext3" /dev/mapper/linux-swap: UUID="47b4d329-975c-4c08-b218-f9c9bf3635f1" TYPE="swap"</pre></li><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara"> From the output above, you recall that your root volume exists on an encrypted block device. Following the guidance disk encryption guidance from the Installation Guide, you unlock your encrypted root volume. </p><pre class="screen"># UUID=$(cryptsetup luksUUID /dev/mapper/linux-root) # cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/mapper/linux-root luks-$UUID Enter passphrase for /dev/mapper/linux-root: Key slot 0 unlocked.</pre></li><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara"> Next, make a symbolic link to the unlocked root volume </p><pre class="screen"># ln -s /dev/mapper/luks-$UUID /dev/root</pre></li><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara"> With the root volume available, you may continue booting the system by exiting the dracut shell </p><pre class="screen"># exit</pre></li></ol></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="additional-dracut-boot-parameters"></a>Additional dracut boot parameters</h4></div></div></div><p>For more debugging options, see <span class="strong"><strong>dracut.cmdline</strong></span>(7).</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="debugging-dracut-on-shutdown"></a>Debugging dracut on shutdown</h4></div></div></div><p>To debug the shutdown sequence on systemd systems, you can <span class="emphasis"><em>rd.break</em></span> on <span class="emphasis"><em>pre-shutdown</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>shutdown</em></span>.</p><p>To do this from an already booted system:</p><pre class="screen"># mkdir -p /run/initramfs/etc/cmdline.d # echo "rd.debug rd.break=pre-shutdown rd.break=shutdown" > /run/initramfs/etc/cmdline.d/debug.conf # touch /run/initramfs/.need_shutdown</pre><p>This will give you a dracut shell after the system pivot’ed back in the initramfs.</p></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_options"></a>OPTIONS</h2></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--kver</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><kernel version></em></span> </span></dt><dd> Set the kernel version. This enables to specify the kernel version, without specifying the location of the initramfs image. For example: </dd></dl></div><pre class="screen"># dracut --kver 3.5.0-0.rc7.git1.2.fc18.x86_64</pre><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>-f, --force</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Overwrite existing initramfs file. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em><output file></em></span> <span class="strong"><strong>--rebuild</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Append the current arguments to those with which the input initramfs image was built. This option helps in incrementally building the initramfs for testing. If optional <span class="emphasis"><em><output file></em></span> is not provided, the input initramfs provided to rebuild will be used as output file. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>-a, --add</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><list of dracut modules></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Add a space-separated list of dracut modules to the default set of modules. This parameter can be specified multiple times. </p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>If the list has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For example:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --add "module1 module2" ...</pre></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--force-add</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><list of dracut modules></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Force to add a space-separated list of dracut modules to the default set of modules, when -H is specified. This parameter can be specified multiple times. </p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>If the list has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For example:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --force-add "module1 module2" ...</pre></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>-o, --omit</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><list of dracut modules></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Omit a space-separated list of dracut modules. This parameter can be specified multiple times. </p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>If the list has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For example:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --omit "module1 module2" ...</pre></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>-m, --modules</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><list of dracut modules></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Specify a space-separated list of dracut modules to call when building the initramfs. Modules are located in <span class="emphasis"><em>/usr/lib/dracut/modules.d</em></span>. This parameter can be specified multiple times. This option forces dracut to only include the specified dracut modules. In most cases the "--add" option is what you want to use. </p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>If the list has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For example:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --modules "module1 module2" ...</pre></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>-d, --drivers</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><list of kernel modules></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Specify a space-separated list of kernel modules to exclusively include in the initramfs. The kernel modules have to be specified without the ".ko" suffix. This parameter can be specified multiple times. </p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>If the list has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For example:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --drivers "kmodule1 kmodule2" ...</pre></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--add-drivers</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><list of kernel modules></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Specify a space-separated list of kernel modules to add to the initramfs. The kernel modules have to be specified without the ".ko" suffix. This parameter can be specified multiple times. </p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>If the list has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For example:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --add-drivers "kmodule1 kmodule2" ...</pre></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--force-drivers</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><list of kernel modules></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> See add-drivers above. But in this case it is ensured that the drivers are tried to be loaded early via modprobe. </p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>If the list has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For example:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --force-drivers "kmodule1 kmodule2" ...</pre></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--omit-drivers</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><list of kernel modules></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Specify a space-separated list of kernel modules not to add to the initramfs. The kernel modules have to be specified without the ".ko" suffix. This parameter can be specified multiple times. </p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>If the list has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For example:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --omit-drivers "kmodule1 kmodule2" ...</pre></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--filesystems</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><list of filesystems></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Specify a space-separated list of kernel filesystem modules to exclusively include in the generic initramfs. This parameter can be specified multiple times. </p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>If the list has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For example:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --filesystems "filesystem1 filesystem2" ...</pre></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>-k, --kmoddir</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><kernel directory></em></span> </span></dt><dd> Specify the directory, where to look for kernel modules. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--fwdir</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><dir>[:<dir>…]++</em></span> </span></dt><dd> Specify additional directories, where to look for firmwares. This parameter can be specified multiple times. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--libdirs</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><list of directories></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Specify a space-separated list of directories to look for libraries to include in the generic initramfs. This parameter can be specified multiple times. </p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>If the list has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For example:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --libdirs "dir1 dir2" ...</pre></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--kernel-cmdline <parameters></strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Specify default kernel command line parameters. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--kernel-only</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Only install kernel drivers and firmware files. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--no-kernel</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Do not install kernel drivers and firmware files. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--early-microcode</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Combine early microcode with ramdisk. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--no-early-microcode</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Do not combine early microcode with ramdisk. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--print-cmdline</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Print the kernel command line for the current disk layout. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--mdadmconf</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Include local <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/mdadm.conf</em></span> file. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--nomdadmconf</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Do not include local <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/mdadm.conf</em></span> file. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--lvmconf</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Include local <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/lvm/lvm.conf</em></span> file. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--nolvmconf</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Do not include local <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/lvm/lvm.conf</em></span> file. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--fscks</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><list of fsck tools></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Add a space-separated list of fsck tools, in addition to <span class="emphasis"><em>dracut.conf</em></span>'s specification; the installation is opportunistic (non-existing tools are ignored). </p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>If the list has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For example:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --fscks "fsck.foo barfsck" ...</pre></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--nofscks</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Inhibit installation of any fsck tools. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--strip</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Strip binaries in the initramfs (default). </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--aggresive-strip</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Strip more than just debug symbol and sections, for a smaller initramfs build. The --strip option must also be specified. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--nostrip</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Do not strip binaries in the initramfs. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--hardlink</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Hardlink files in the initramfs (default). </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--nohardlink</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Do not hardlink files in the initramfs. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--prefix</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><dir></em></span> </span></dt><dd> Prefix initramfs files with the specified directory. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--noprefix</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Do not prefix initramfs files (default). </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>-h, --help</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Display help text and exit. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--debug</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Output debug information of the build process. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>-v, --verbose</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Increase verbosity level (default is info(4)). </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--version</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Display version and exit. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>-q, --quiet</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Decrease verbosity level (default is info(4)). </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>-c, --conf</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><dracut configuration file></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Specify configuration file to use. </p><p class="simpara">Default: <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf</em></span></p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--confdir</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><configuration directory></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Specify configuration directory to use. </p><p class="simpara">Default: <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf.d</em></span></p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--add-confdir</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><configuration directory></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Add an extra configuration directory to use *.conf files from. If the directory is not existed, will look for subdirectory under confdir. </p><p class="simpara">Default: <span class="emphasis"><em>empty</em></span></p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--tmpdir</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><temporary directory></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Specify temporary directory to use. </p><p class="simpara">Default: <span class="emphasis"><em>/var/tmp</em></span></p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>-r, --sysroot</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><sysroot directory></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Specify the sysroot directory to collect files from. This is useful to create the initramfs image from a cross-compiled sysroot directory. For the extra helper variables, see <span class="strong"><strong>ENVIRONMENT</strong></span> below. </p><p class="simpara">Default: <span class="emphasis"><em>empty</em></span></p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--sshkey</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><sshkey file></em></span> </span></dt><dd> SSH key file used with ssh-client module. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--logfile</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><logfile></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Logfile to use; overrides any setting from the configuration files. </p><p class="simpara">Default: <span class="emphasis"><em>/var/log/dracut.log</em></span></p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>-l, --local</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Activates the local mode. dracut will use modules from the current working directory instead of the system-wide installed modules in <span class="emphasis"><em>/usr/lib/dracut/modules.d</em></span>. This is useful when running dracut from a git checkout. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>-H, --hostonly</strong></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Host-only mode: Install only what is needed for booting the local host instead of a generic host and generate host-specific configuration. </p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>If chrooted to another root other than the real root device, use "--fstab" and provide a valid <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/fstab</em></span>.</p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>-N, --no-hostonly</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Disable host-only mode. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--hostonly-mode <span class="emphasis"><em><mode></em></span></strong></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Specify the host-only mode to use. <span class="emphasis"><em><mode></em></span> could be one of "sloppy" or "strict". In "sloppy" host-only mode, extra drivers and modules will be installed, so minor hardware change won’t make the image unbootable (e.g. changed keyboard), and the image is still portable among similar hosts. With "strict" mode enabled, anything not necessary for booting the local host in its current state will not be included, and modules may do some extra job to save more space. Minor change of hardware or environment could make the image unbootable. </p><p class="simpara">Default: <span class="emphasis"><em>sloppy</em></span></p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--hostonly-cmdline</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Store kernel command line arguments needed in the initramfs. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--no-hostonly-cmdline</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Do not store kernel command line arguments needed in the initramfs. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--no-hostonly-default-device</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Do not generate implicit host devices like root, swap, fstab, etc. Use "--mount" or "--add-device" to explicitly add devices as needed. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--hostonly-i18n</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Install only needed keyboard and font files according to the host configuration (default). </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--no-hostonly-i18n</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Install all keyboard and font files available. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--hostonly-nics</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><list of nics></em></span> </span></dt><dd> Only enable listed NICs in the initramfs. The list can be empty, so other modules can install only the necessary network drivers. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--persistent-policy</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><policy></em></span> </span></dt><dd> Use <span class="emphasis"><em><policy></em></span> to address disks and partitions. <span class="emphasis"><em><policy></em></span> can be any directory name found in /dev/disk. E.g. "by-uuid", "by-label" </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--fstab</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Use <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/fstab</em></span> instead of <span class="emphasis"><em>/proc/self/mountinfo</em></span>. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--add-fstab</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><filename></em></span> </span></dt><dd> Add entries of <span class="emphasis"><em><filename></em></span> to the initramfs /etc/fstab. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--mount</strong></span> "<span class="emphasis"><em><device></em></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><mountpoint></em></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><filesystem type></em></span> [<span class="emphasis"><em><filesystem options></em></span> [<span class="emphasis"><em><dump frequency></em></span> [<span class="emphasis"><em><fsck order></em></span>]]]" </span></dt><dd> Mount <span class="emphasis"><em><device></em></span> on <span class="emphasis"><em><mountpoint></em></span> with <span class="emphasis"><em><filesystem type></em></span> in the initramfs. <span class="emphasis"><em><filesystem options></em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em><dump options></em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em><fsck order></em></span> can be specified, see fstab manpage for the details. The default <span class="emphasis"><em><filesystem options></em></span> is "defaults". The default <span class="emphasis"><em><dump frequency></em></span> is "0". The default <span class="emphasis"><em><fsck order></em></span> is "2". </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--mount</strong></span> "<span class="emphasis"><em><mountpoint></em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Like above, but <span class="emphasis"><em><device></em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em><filesystem type></em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em><filesystem options></em></span> are determined by looking at the current mounts. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--add-device</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><device></em></span> </span></dt><dd> Bring up <span class="emphasis"><em><device></em></span> in initramfs, <span class="emphasis"><em><device></em></span> should be the device name. This can be useful in host-only mode for resume support when your swap is on LVM or an encrypted partition. [NB --device can be used for compatibility with earlier releases] </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>-i, --include</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><SOURCE></em></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><TARGET></em></span> </span></dt><dd> Include the files in the SOURCE directory into the TARGET directory in the final initramfs. If SOURCE is a file, it will be installed to TARGET in the final initramfs. This parameter can be specified multiple times. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>-I, --install</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><file list></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Install the space separated list of files into the initramfs. </p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>If the list has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For example:</p><pre class="screen"># dracut --install "/bin/foo /sbin/bar" ...</pre></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--install-optional</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><file list></em></span> </span></dt><dd> Install the space separated list of files into the initramfs, if they exist. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--gzip</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Compress the generated initramfs using gzip. This will be done by default, unless another compression option or --no-compress is passed. Equivalent to "--compress=gzip -9". </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--bzip2</strong></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Compress the generated initramfs using bzip2. </p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>Make sure your kernel has bzip2 decompression support compiled in, otherwise you will not be able to boot. Equivalent to "--compress=bzip2 -9".</p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--lzma</strong></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Compress the generated initramfs using lzma. </p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>Make sure your kernel has lzma decompression support compiled in, otherwise you will not be able to boot. Equivalent to "--compress=lzma -9 -T0".</p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--xz</strong></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Compress the generated initramfs using xz. </p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>Make sure your kernel has xz decompression support compiled in, otherwise you will not be able to boot. Equivalent to "--compress=xz --check=crc32 --lzma2=dict=1MiB -T0".</p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--lzo</strong></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Compress the generated initramfs using lzop. </p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>Make sure your kernel has lzo decompression support compiled in, otherwise you will not be able to boot. Equivalent to "--compress=lzop -9".</p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--lz4</strong></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Compress the generated initramfs using lz4. </p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>Make sure your kernel has lz4 decompression support compiled in, otherwise you will not be able to boot. Equivalent to "--compress=lz4 -l -9".</p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--zstd</strong></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Compress the generated initramfs using Zstandard. </p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>Make sure your kernel has zstd decompression support compiled in, otherwise you will not be able to boot. Equivalent to "--compress=zstd -15 -q -T0".</p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--compress</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><compressor></em></span> </span></dt><dd> Compress the generated initramfs using the passed compression program. If you pass it just the name of a compression program, it will call that program with known-working arguments. If you pass a quoted string with arguments, it will be called with exactly those arguments. Depending on what you pass, this may result in an initramfs that the kernel cannot decompress. The default value can also be set via the <span class="emphasis"><em>INITRD_COMPRESS</em></span> environment variable. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--squash-compressor</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><compressor></em></span> </span></dt><dd> Compress the squashfs image using the passed compressor and compressor specific options for mksquashfs. You can refer to mksquashfs manual for supported compressors and compressor specific options. If squash module is not called when building the initramfs, this option will not take effect. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--no-compress</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Do not compress the generated initramfs. This will override any other compression options. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--reproducible</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Create reproducible images. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--no-reproducible</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Do not create reproducible images. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--list-modules</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> List all available dracut modules. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>-M, --show-modules</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Print included module’s name to standard output during build. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--keep</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Keep the initramfs temporary directory for debugging purposes. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--printsize</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Print out the module install size. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--profile</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Output profile information of the build process. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--ro-mnt</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Mount / and /usr read-only by default. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>-L, --stdlog</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><level></em></span> </span></dt><dd> [0-6] Specify logging level (to standard error). </dd></dl></div><pre class="screen"> 0 - suppress any messages 1 - only fatal errors 2 - all errors 3 - warnings 4 - info 5 - debug info (here starts lots of output) 6 - trace info (and even more)</pre><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--regenerate-all</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Regenerate all initramfs images at the default location with the kernel versions found on the system. Additional parameters are passed through. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>-p, --parallel</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Try to execute tasks in parallel. Currently only supported with <span class="strong"><strong>--regenerate-all</strong></span> (build initramfs images for all kernel versions simultaneously). </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--noimageifnotneeded</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Do not create an image in host-only mode, if no kernel driver is needed and no /etc/cmdline/*.conf will be generated into the initramfs. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--loginstall <span class="emphasis"><em><directory></em></span></strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Log all files installed from the host to <span class="emphasis"><em><directory></em></span>. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--uefi</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Instead of creating an initramfs image, dracut will create an UEFI executable, which can be executed by an UEFI BIOS. The default output filename is <span class="emphasis"><em><EFI>/EFI/Linux/linux-$kernel$-<MACHINE_ID>-<BUILD_ID>.efi</em></span>. <EFI> might be <span class="emphasis"><em>/efi</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>/boot</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>/boot/efi</em></span> depending on where the ESP partition is mounted. The <BUILD_ID> is taken from BUILD_ID in <span class="emphasis"><em>/usr/lib/os-release</em></span> or if it exists <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/os-release</em></span> and is left out, if BUILD_ID is non-existant or empty. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--no-uefi</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Disables UEFI mode. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--no-machineid</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Affects the default output filename of <span class="strong"><strong>--uefi</strong></span> and will discard the <MACHINE_ID> part. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--uefi-stub <span class="emphasis"><em><file></em></span></strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Specifies the UEFI stub loader, which will load the attached kernel, initramfs and kernel command line and boots the kernel. The default is <span class="emphasis"><em>$prefix/lib/systemd/boot/efi/linux<EFI-MACHINE-TYPE-NAME>.efi.stub</em></span>. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--uefi-splash-image <span class="emphasis"><em><file></em></span></strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Specifies the UEFI stub loader’s splash image. Requires bitmap (<span class="strong"><strong>.bmp</strong></span>) image format. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--kernel-image <span class="emphasis"><em><file></em></span></strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Specifies the kernel image, which to include in the UEFI executable. The default is <span class="emphasis"><em>/lib/modules/<KERNEL-VERSION>/vmlinuz</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>/boot/vmlinuz-<KERNEL-VERSION></em></span>. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--sbat <parameters></strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Specifies the SBAT parameters, which to include in the UEFI executable. By default the default SBAT string added is "sbat,1,SBAT Version,sbat,1, <a class="ulink" href="https://github.com/rhboot/shim/blob/main/SBAT.md" target="_top">https://github.com/rhboot/shim/blob/main/SBAT.md</a>". </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--enhanced-cpio</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Attempt to use the dracut-cpio binary, which optimizes archive creation for copy-on-write filesystems by using the copy_file_range(2) syscall via Rust’s io::copy(). When specified, initramfs archives are also padded to ensure optimal data alignment for extent sharing. To retain reflink data deduplication benefits, this should be used alongside the <span class="strong"><strong>--no-compress</strong></span> and <span class="strong"><strong>--no-strip</strong></span> parameters, with initramfs source files, <span class="strong"><strong>--tmpdir</strong></span> staging area and destination all on the same copy-on-write capable filesystem. </dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_environment"></a>ENVIRONMENT</h2></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>INITRD_COMPRESS</em></span> </span></dt><dd> sets the default compression program. See <span class="strong"><strong>--compress</strong></span>. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>DRACUT_LDCONFIG</em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> sets the <span class="emphasis"><em>ldconfig</em></span> program path and options. Optional. Used for <span class="strong"><strong>--sysroot</strong></span>. </p><p class="simpara">Default: <span class="emphasis"><em>ldconfig</em></span></p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>DRACUT_LDD</em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> sets the <span class="emphasis"><em>ldd</em></span> program path and options. Optional. Used for <span class="strong"><strong>--sysroot</strong></span>. </p><p class="simpara">Default: <span class="emphasis"><em>ldd</em></span></p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>DRACUT_TESTBIN</em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> sets the initially tested binary for detecting library paths. Optional. Used for <span class="strong"><strong>--sysroot</strong></span>. In the cross-compiled sysroot, the default value (<span class="emphasis"><em>/bin/sh</em></span>) is unusable, as it is an absolute symlink and points outside the sysroot directory. </p><p class="simpara">Default: <span class="emphasis"><em>/bin/sh</em></span></p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>DRACUT_INSTALL</em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> overrides path and options for executing <span class="emphasis"><em>dracut-install</em></span> internally. Optional. Can be used to debug <span class="emphasis"><em>dracut-install</em></span> while running the main dracut script. </p><p class="simpara">Default: <span class="emphasis"><em>dracut-install</em></span></p><p class="simpara">Example: DRACUT_INSTALL="valgrind dracut-install"</p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>DRACUT_COMPRESS_BZIP2</em></span> , </span><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>DRACUT_COMPRESS_BZIP2</em></span> , </span><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>DRACUT_COMPRESS_LBZIP2</em></span> , </span><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>DRACUT_COMPRESS_LZMA</em></span> , </span><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>DRACUT_COMPRESS_XZ</em></span> , </span><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>DRACUT_COMPRESS_GZIP</em></span> , </span><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>DRACUT_COMPRESS_PIGZ</em></span> , </span><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>DRACUT_COMPRESS_LZOP</em></span> , </span><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>DRACUT_COMPRESS_ZSTD</em></span> , </span><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>DRACUT_COMPRESS_LZ4</em></span> , </span><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>DRACUT_COMPRESS_CAT</em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> overrides for compression utilities to support using them from non-standard paths. </p><p class="simpara">Default values are the default compression utility names to be found in <span class="strong"><strong>PATH</strong></span>.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>DRACUT_ARCH</em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> overrides the value of <span class="strong"><strong>uname -m</strong></span>. Used for <span class="strong"><strong>--sysroot</strong></span>. </p><p class="simpara">Default: <span class="emphasis"><em>empty</em></span> (the value of <span class="strong"><strong>uname -m</strong></span> on the host system)</p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>SYSTEMD_VERSION</em></span> </span></dt><dd> overrides systemd version. Used for <span class="strong"><strong>--sysroot</strong></span>. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>SYSTEMCTL</em></span> </span></dt><dd> overrides the systemctl binary. Used for <span class="strong"><strong>--sysroot</strong></span>. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>NM_VERSION</em></span> </span></dt><dd> overrides the NetworkManager version. Used for <span class="strong"><strong>--sysroot</strong></span>. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>DRACUT_INSTALL_PATH</em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> overrides <span class="strong"><strong>PATH</strong></span> environment for <span class="strong"><strong>dracut-install</strong></span> to look for binaries relative to <span class="strong"><strong>--sysroot</strong></span>. In a cross-compiled environment (e.g. Yocto), PATH points to natively built binaries that are not in the host’s /bin, /usr/bin, etc. <span class="strong"><strong>dracut-install</strong></span> still needs plain /bin and /usr/bin that are relative to the cross-compiled sysroot. </p><p class="simpara">Default: <span class="emphasis"><em>PATH</em></span></p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>DRACUT_INSTALL_LOG_TARGET</em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> overrides <span class="strong"><strong>DRACUT_LOG_TARGET</strong></span> for <span class="strong"><strong>dracut-install</strong></span>. It allows running <span class="strong"><strong>dracut-install* to run with different log target that </strong></span>dracut** runs with. </p><p class="simpara">Default: <span class="emphasis"><em>DRACUT_LOG_TARGET</em></span></p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>DRACUT_INSTALL_LOG_LEVEL</em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> overrides <span class="strong"><strong>DRACUT_LOG_LEVEL</strong></span> for <span class="strong"><strong>dracut-install</strong></span>. It allows running <span class="strong"><strong>dracut-install* to run with different log level that </strong></span>dracut** runs with. </p><p class="simpara">Default: <span class="emphasis"><em>DRACUT_LOG_LEVEL</em></span></p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_files"></a>FILES</h2></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>/var/log/dracut.log</em></span> </span></dt><dd> logfile of initramfs image creation </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>/tmp/dracut.log</em></span> </span></dt><dd> logfile of initramfs image creation, if <span class="emphasis"><em>/var/log/dracut.log</em></span> is not writable </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf</em></span> </span></dt><dd> see dracut.conf5 </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf.d/*.conf</em></span> </span></dt><dd> see dracut.conf5 </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>/usr/lib/dracut/dracut.conf.d/*.conf</em></span> </span></dt><dd> see dracut.conf5 </dd></dl></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_configuration_in_the_initramfs"></a>Configuration in the initramfs</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/conf.d/</em></span> </span></dt><dd> Any files found in <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/conf.d/</em></span> will be sourced in the initramfs to set initial values. Command line options will override these values set in the configuration files. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/cmdline</em></span> </span></dt><dd> Can contain additional command line options. Deprecated, better use /etc/cmdline.d/*.conf. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/cmdline.d/*.conf</em></span> </span></dt><dd> Can contain additional command line options. </dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_availability"></a>AVAILABILITY</h2></div></div></div><p>The dracut command is part of the dracut package and is available from <a class="ulink" href="https://dracut.wiki.kernel.org" target="_top">https://dracut.wiki.kernel.org</a></p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_authors"></a>AUTHORS</h2></div></div></div><p>Harald Hoyer</p><p>Victor Lowther</p><p>Amadeusz Żołnowski</p><p>Hannes Reinecke</p><p>Daniel Molkentin</p><p>Will Woods</p><p>Philippe Seewer</p><p>Warren Togami</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_see_also"></a>SEE ALSO</h2></div></div></div><p><span class="strong"><strong>dracut.cmdline</strong></span>(7) <span class="strong"><strong>dracut.conf</strong></span>(5) <span class="strong"><strong>lsinitrd</strong></span>(1)</p></div></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="dracutconf5"></a>Chapter 7. DRACUT.CONF(5)</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_2">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_synopsis_2">SYNOPSIS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_2">Description</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_files_2">Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_author">AUTHOR</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_2">See Also</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_name_2"></a>NAME</h2></div></div></div><p>dracut.conf - configuration file(s) for dracut</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_synopsis_2"></a>SYNOPSIS</h2></div></div></div><p><span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf</em></span> <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf.d/*.conf</em></span> <span class="emphasis"><em>/usr/lib/dracut/dracut.conf.d/*.conf</em></span></p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_description_2"></a>Description</h2></div></div></div><p><span class="emphasis"><em>dracut.conf</em></span> is loaded during the initialisation phase of dracut. Command line parameter will override any values set here.</p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>*.conf</em></span> files are read from /usr/lib/dracut/dracut.conf.d and /etc/dracut.conf.d. Files with the same name in /etc/dracut.conf.d will replace files in /usr/lib/dracut/dracut.conf.d. The files are then read in alphanumerical order and will override parameters set in <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf</em></span>. Each line specifies an attribute and a value. A <span class="emphasis"><em>#</em></span> indicates the beginning of a comment; following characters, up to the end of the line are not interpreted.</p><p>dracut command line options will override any values set here.</p><p>Configuration files must have the extension .conf; other extensions are ignored.</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>add_dracutmodules+=</strong></span>" <span class="emphasis"><em><dracut modules></em></span> " </span></dt><dd> Add a space-separated list of dracut modules to call when building the initramfs. Modules are located in <span class="emphasis"><em>/usr/lib/dracut/modules.d</em></span>. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>force_add_dracutmodules+=</strong></span>" <span class="emphasis"><em><dracut modules></em></span> " </span></dt><dd> Force to add a space-separated list of dracut modules to the default set of modules, when host-only mode is specified. This parameter can be specified multiple times. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>omit_dracutmodules+=</strong></span>" <span class="emphasis"><em><dracut modules></em></span> " </span></dt><dd> Omit a space-separated list of dracut modules to call when building the initramfs. Modules are located in <span class="emphasis"><em>/usr/lib/dracut/modules.d</em></span>. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>dracutmodules+=</strong></span>" <span class="emphasis"><em><dracut modules></em></span> " </span></dt><dd> Specify a space-separated list of dracut modules to call when building the initramfs. Modules are located in <span class="emphasis"><em>/usr/lib/dracut/modules.d</em></span>. This option forces dracut to only include the specified dracut modules. In most cases the "add_dracutmodules" option is what you want to use. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>add_drivers+=</strong></span>" <span class="emphasis"><em><kernel modules></em></span> " </span></dt><dd> Specify a space-separated list of kernel modules to add to the initramfs. The kernel modules have to be specified without the ".ko" suffix. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>force_drivers+=</strong></span>" <span class="emphasis"><em><list of kernel modules></em></span> " </span></dt><dd> See add_drivers above. But in this case it is ensured that the drivers are tried to be loaded early via modprobe. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>omit_drivers+=</strong></span>" <span class="emphasis"><em><kernel modules></em></span> " </span></dt><dd> Specify a space-separated list of kernel modules not to add to the initramfs. The kernel modules have to be specified without the ".ko" suffix. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>drivers+=</strong></span>" <span class="emphasis"><em><kernel modules></em></span> " </span></dt><dd> Specify a space-separated list of kernel modules to exclusively include in the initramfs. The kernel modules have to be specified without the ".ko" suffix. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>filesystems+=</strong></span>" <span class="emphasis"><em><filesystem names></em></span> " </span></dt><dd> Specify a space-separated list of kernel filesystem modules to exclusively include in the generic initramfs. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>drivers_dir=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em><kernel modules directory></em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Specify the directory where to look for kernel modules. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>fw_dir+=</strong></span>" :<span class="emphasis"><em><dir></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><dir></em></span> …] " </span></dt><dd> Specify additional colon-separated list of directories where to look for firmware files. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>libdirs+=</strong></span>" <span class="emphasis"><em><dir></em></span>[ <span class="emphasis"><em><dir></em></span> …] " </span></dt><dd> Specify a space-separated list of directories where to look for libraries. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>install_items+=</strong></span>" <span class="emphasis"><em><file></em></span>[ <span class="emphasis"><em><file></em></span> …] " </span></dt><dd> Specify additional files to include in the initramfs, separated by spaces. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>install_optional_items+=</strong></span>" <span class="emphasis"><em><file></em></span>[ <span class="emphasis"><em><file></em></span> …] " </span></dt><dd> Specify additional files to include in the initramfs, separated by spaces, if they exist. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>compress=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{cat|bzip2|lzma|xz|gzip|lzo|lz4|zstd|<compressor [args …]>}</em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Compress the generated initramfs using the passed compression program. If you pass it just the name of a compression program, it will call that program with known-working arguments. If you pass arguments, it will be called with exactly those arguments. Depending on what you pass, this may result in an initramfs that the kernel cannot decompress. To disable compression, use "cat". </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>squash_compress=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{<compressor [args …]>}</em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Compress the squashfs image using the passed compressor and compressor specific options for mksquashfs. You can refer to mksquashfs manual for supported compressors and compressor specific options. If squash module is not called when building the initramfs, this option will not take effect. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>do_strip=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Strip binaries in the initramfs (default=yes). </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>aggresive_strip=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Strip more than just debug symbol and sections, for a smaller initramfs build. The "do_strip=yes" option must also be specified (default=no). </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>do_hardlink=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Hardlink files in the initramfs (default=yes). </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>prefix=</strong></span>" <span class="emphasis"><em><directory></em></span> " </span></dt><dd> Prefix initramfs files with <span class="emphasis"><em><directory></em></span>. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>hostonly=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Host-only mode: Install only what is needed for booting the local host instead of a generic host and generate host-specific configuration (default=no). </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>hostonly_mode=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{sloppy|strict}</em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Specify the host-only mode to use (default=sloppy). In "sloppy" host-only mode, extra drivers and modules will be installed, so minor hardware change won’t make the image unbootable (e.g. changed keyboard), and the image is still portable among similar hosts. With "strict" mode enabled, anything not necessary for booting the local host in its current state will not be included, and modules may do some extra job to save more space. Minor change of hardware or environment could make the image unbootable. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>hostonly_cmdline=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>" </span></dt><dd> If set to "yes", store the kernel command line arguments needed in the initramfs. If <span class="strong"><strong>hostonly="yes"</strong></span> and this option is not configured, it’s automatically set to "yes". </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>hostonly_nics+=</strong></span>" [<span class="emphasis"><em><nic></em></span>[ <span class="emphasis"><em><nic></em></span> …]] " </span></dt><dd> Only enable listed NICs in the initramfs. The list can be empty, so other modules can install only the necessary network drivers. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>persistent_policy=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em><policy></em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Use <span class="emphasis"><em><policy></em></span> to address disks and partitions. <span class="emphasis"><em><policy></em></span> can be any directory name found in /dev/disk. E.g. "by-uuid", "by-label" </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>tmpdir=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em><temporary directory></em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Specify temporary directory to use. </dd></dl></div><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>If chrooted to another root other than the real root device, use --fstab and provide a valid <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/fstab</em></span>.</p></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>use_fstab=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Use <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/fstab</em></span> instead of <span class="emphasis"><em>/proc/self/mountinfo</em></span> (default=no). </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>add_fstab+=</strong></span>" <span class="emphasis"><em><filename></em></span> " </span></dt><dd> Add entries of <span class="emphasis"><em><filename></em></span> to the initramfs /etc/fstab. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>add_device+=</strong></span>" <span class="emphasis"><em><device></em></span> " </span></dt><dd> Bring up <span class="emphasis"><em><device></em></span> in initramfs, <span class="emphasis"><em><device></em></span> should be the device name. This can be useful in host-only mode for resume support when your swap is on LVM an encrypted partition. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>mdadmconf=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Include local <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/mdadm.conf</em></span> (default=no). </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>lvmconf=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Include local <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/lvm/lvm.conf</em></span> (default=no). </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>fscks=</strong></span>" <span class="emphasis"><em><fsck tools></em></span> " </span></dt><dd> Add a space-separated list of fsck tools. If nothing is specified, the default is: "umount mount /sbin/fsck* xfs_db xfs_check xfs_repair e2fsck jfs_fsck reiserfsck btrfsck". The installation is opportunistic (non-existing tools are ignored). </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>nofscks=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>" </span></dt><dd> If specified, inhibit installation of any fsck tools (default=no). </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>ro_mnt=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Mount <span class="emphasis"><em>/</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>/usr</em></span> read-only by default (default=no). </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>kernel_cmdline=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>parameters</em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Specify default kernel command line parameters. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>kernel_only=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Only install kernel drivers and firmware files (default=no). </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>no_kernel=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Do not install kernel drivers and firmware files (default=no). </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>acpi_override=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>" </span></dt><dd> [WARNING] ONLY USE THIS IF YOU KNOW WHAT YOU ARE DOING! Override BIOS provided ACPI tables. For further documentation read Documentation/acpi/initrd_table_override.txt in the kernel sources. Search for ACPI table files (must have .aml suffix) in acpi_table_dir= directory (see below) and add them to a separate uncompressed cpio archive. This cpio archive gets glued (concatenated, uncompressed one must be the first one) to the compressed cpio archive. The first, uncompressed cpio archive is for data which the kernel must be able to access very early (and cannot make use of uncompress algorithms yet) like microcode or ACPI tables (default=no). </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>acpi_table_dir=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em><dir></em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Directory to search for ACPI tables if acpi_override= is set to yes. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>early_microcode=</strong></span>"{yes|no}" </span></dt><dd> Combine early microcode with ramdisk (default=yes). </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>stdloglvl</strong></span>="<span class="emphasis"><em>{0-6}</em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Specify logging level for standard error (default=4). </dd></dl></div><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>Logging levels:</p><pre class="screen"> 0 - suppress any messages 1 - only fatal errors 2 - all errors 3 - warnings 4 - info 5 - debug info (here starts lots of output) 6 - trace info (and even more)</pre></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>sysloglvl</strong></span>="<span class="emphasis"><em>{0-6}</em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Specify logging level for syslog (default=0). </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>fileloglvl=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{0-6}</em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Specify logging level for logfile (default=4). </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>logfile=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em><file></em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Path to logfile. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>sshkey=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em><file></em></span>" </span></dt><dd> SSH key file used with ssh-client module. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>show_modules=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Print the name of the included modules to standard output during build (default=no). </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>i18n_vars=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em><variable mapping></em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Distribution specific variable mapping. See dracut/modules.d/10i18n/README for a detailed description. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>i18n_default_font=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em><fontname></em></span>" </span></dt><dd> The font <fontname> to install, if not specified otherwise. Default is "eurlatgr". </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>i18n_install_all=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Install everything regardless of generic or host-only mode (default=no). </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>reproducible=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Create reproducible images (default=no). </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>noimageifnotneeded=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Do not create an image in host-only mode, if no kernel driver is needed and no /etc/cmdline/*.conf will be generated into the initramfs (default=no). </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>loginstall=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em><directory></em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Log all files installed from the host to <span class="emphasis"><em><directory></em></span>. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>uefi=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Instead of creating an initramfs image, dracut will create an UEFI executable, which can be executed by an UEFI BIOS (default=no). The default output filename is <span class="emphasis"><em><EFI>/EFI/Linux/linux-$kernel$-<MACHINE_ID>-<BUILD_ID>.efi</em></span>. <EFI> might be <span class="emphasis"><em>/efi</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>/boot</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>/boot/efi</em></span> depending on where the ESP partition is mounted. The <BUILD_ID> is taken from BUILD_ID in <span class="emphasis"><em>/usr/lib/os-release</em></span> or if it exists <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/os-release</em></span> and is left out, if BUILD_ID is non-existant or empty. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>machine_id=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Affects the default output filename of the UEFI executable, including the <MACHINE_ID> part (default=yes). </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>uefi_stub=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em><file></em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Specifies the UEFI stub loader, which will load the attached kernel, initramfs and kernel command line and boots the kernel. The default is <span class="emphasis"><em>/lib/systemd/boot/efi/linux<EFI-MACHINE-TYPE-NAME>.efi.stub</em></span>. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>uefi_splash_image=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em><file></em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Specifies the UEFI stub loader’s splash image. Requires bitmap (<span class="strong"><strong>.bmp</strong></span>) image format. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>uefi_secureboot_cert=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em><file></em></span>", <span class="strong"><strong>uefi_secureboot_key=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em><file></em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Specifies a certificate and corresponding key, which are used to sign the created UEFI executable. Requires both certificate and key need to be specified and <span class="emphasis"><em>sbsign</em></span> to be installed. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>kernel_image=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em><file></em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Specifies the kernel image, which to include in the UEFI executable. The default is <span class="emphasis"><em>/lib/modules/<KERNEL-VERSION>/vmlinuz</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>/boot/vmlinuz-<KERNEL-VERSION></em></span>. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>sbat=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>parameters</em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Specifies the SBAT parameters, which to include in the UEFI executable. By default the default SBAT string added is "sbat,1,SBAT Version,sbat,1, <a class="ulink" href="https://github.com/rhboot/shim/blob/main/SBAT.md" target="_top">https://github.com/rhboot/shim/blob/main/SBAT.md</a>". </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>enhanced_cpio=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>" </span></dt><dd> Attempt to use the dracut-cpio binary, which optimizes archive creation for copy-on-write filesystems (default=no). When specified, initramfs archives are also padded to ensure optimal data alignment for extent sharing. To retain reflink data deduplication benefits, this should be used alongside the <span class="strong"><strong>compress="cat"</strong></span> and <span class="strong"><strong>do_strip="no"</strong></span> parameters, with initramfs source files, <span class="strong"><strong>tmpdir</strong></span> staging area and destination all on the same copy-on-write capable filesystem. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>parallel=</strong></span>"<span class="emphasis"><em>{yes|no}</em></span>" </span></dt><dd> If set to <span class="emphasis"><em>yes</em></span>, try to execute tasks in parallel (currently only supported for <span class="emphasis"><em>--regenerate-all</em></span>). </dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_files_2"></a>Files</h2></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf</em></span> </span></dt><dd> Old configuration file. You better use your own file in <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf.d/</em></span>. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf.d/</em></span> </span></dt><dd> Any <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf.d/*.conf</em></span> file can override the values in <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/dracut.conf</em></span>. The configuration files are read in alphanumerical order. </dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_author"></a>AUTHOR</h2></div></div></div><p>Harald Hoyer</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_see_also_2"></a>See Also</h2></div></div></div><p><span class="strong"><strong>dracut</strong></span>(8) <span class="strong"><strong>dracut.cmdline</strong></span>(7)</p></div></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="dracutcmdline7"></a>Chapter 8. DRACUT.CMDLINE(7)</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_3">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_3">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_standard">Standard</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_iso_scan_filename">iso-scan/filename</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_misc">Misc</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#dracutkerneldebug">Debug</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_i18n">I18N</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_lvm">LVM</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_crypto_luks">crypto LUKS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_crypto_luks_key_on_removable_device_support">crypto LUKS - key on removable device support</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_md_raid">MD RAID</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_dm_raid">DM RAID</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_multipath">MULTIPATH</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_fips">FIPS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_network">Network</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_nfs">NFS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_cifs">CIFS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_iscsi">iSCSI</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_fcoe">FCoE</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_nvmf">NVMf</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_nbd">NBD</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_virtiofs">VIRTIOFS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_dasd">DASD</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_zfcp">ZFCP</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_znet">ZNET</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_booting_live_images">Booting live images</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_zipl">ZIPL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_cio_ignore">CIO_IGNORE</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_plymouth_boot_splash">Plymouth Boot Splash</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_kernel_keys">Kernel keys</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_deprecated_renamed_options">Deprecated, renamed Options</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_configuration_in_the_initramfs_2">Configuration in the Initramfs</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_author_2">AUTHOR</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_3">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_name_3"></a>NAME</h2></div></div></div><p>dracut.cmdline - dracut kernel command line options</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_description_3"></a>DESCRIPTION</h2></div></div></div><p>The root device used by the kernel is specified in the boot configuration file on the kernel command line, as always.</p><p>The traditional <span class="emphasis"><em>root=/dev/sda1</em></span> style device specification is allowed, but not encouraged. The root device should better be identified by LABEL or UUID. If a label is used, as in <span class="emphasis"><em>root=LABEL=<label_of_root></em></span> the initramfs will search all available devices for a filesystem with the appropriate label, and mount that device as the root filesystem. <span class="emphasis"><em>root=UUID=<uuidnumber></em></span> will mount the partition with that UUID as the root filesystem.</p><p>In the following all kernel command line parameters, which are processed by dracut, are described.</p><p>"rd.*" parameters mentioned without "=" are boolean parameters. They can be turned on/off by setting them to {0|1}. If the assignment with "=" is missing "=1" is implied. For example <span class="emphasis"><em>rd.info</em></span> can be turned off with <span class="emphasis"><em>rd.info=0</em></span> or turned on with <span class="emphasis"><em>rd.info=1</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>rd.info</em></span>. The last value in the kernel command line is the value, which is honored.</p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_standard"></a>Standard</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>init=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><path to real init></em></span> </span></dt><dd> specify the path to the init program to be started after the initramfs has finished </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>root=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><path to blockdevice></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> specify the block device to use as the root filesystem. </p><p><strong>Example. </strong> </p><pre class="screen">root=/dev/sda1 root=/dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:1f.1-scsi-0:0:1:0-part1 root=/dev/disk/by-label/Root root=LABEL=Root root=/dev/disk/by-uuid/3f5ad593-4546-4a94-a374-bcfb68aa11f7 root=UUID=3f5ad593-4546-4a94-a374-bcfb68aa11f7 root=PARTUUID=3f5ad593-4546-4a94-a374-bcfb68aa11f7</pre><p> </p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rootfstype=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><filesystem type></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> "auto" if not specified. </p><p><strong>Example. </strong> </p><pre class="screen">rootfstype=ext3</pre><p> </p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rootflags=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><mount options></em></span> </span></dt><dd> specify additional mount options for the root filesystem. If not set, <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/fstab</em></span> of the real root will be parsed for special mount options and mounted accordingly. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>ro</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> force mounting <span class="emphasis"><em>/</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>/usr</em></span> (if it is a separate device) read-only. If none of ro and rw is present, both are mounted according to <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/fstab</em></span>. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rw</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> force mounting <span class="emphasis"><em>/</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>/usr</em></span> (if it is a separate device) read-write. See also ro option. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rootfallback=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><path to blockdevice></em></span> </span></dt><dd> specify the block device to use as the root filesystem, if the normal root cannot be found. This can only be a simple block device with a simple file system, for which the filesystem driver is either compiled in, or added manually to the initramfs. This parameter can be specified multiple times. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.auto</strong></span> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.auto=1</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> enable autoassembly of special devices like cryptoLUKS, dmraid, mdraid or lvm. Default is off as of dracut version >= 024. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.hostonly=0</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> removes all compiled in configuration of the host system the initramfs image was built on. This helps booting, if any disk layout changed, especially in combination with rd.auto or other parameters specifying the layout. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.cmdline=ask</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> prompts the user for additional kernel command line parameters </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.fstab=0</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> do not honor special mount options for the root filesystem found in <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/fstab</em></span> of the real root. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>resume=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><path to resume partition></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> resume from a swap partition </p><p><strong>Example. </strong> </p><pre class="screen">resume=/dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:1f.1-scsi-0:0:1:0-part1 resume=/dev/disk/by-uuid/3f5ad593-4546-4a94-a374-bcfb68aa11f7 resume=UUID=3f5ad593-4546-4a94-a374-bcfb68aa11f7</pre><p> </p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.skipfsck</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> skip fsck for rootfs and <span class="emphasis"><em>/usr</em></span>. If you’re mounting <span class="emphasis"><em>/usr</em></span> read-only and the init system performs fsck before remount, you might want to use this option to avoid duplication. </dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_iso_scan_filename"></a>iso-scan/filename</h3></div></div></div><p>Mount all mountable devices and search for ISO pointed by the argument. When the ISO is found set it up as a loop device. Device containing this ISO image will stay mounted at /run/initramfs/isoscandev. Using iso-scan/filename with a Fedora/Red Hat/CentOS Live iso should just work by copying the original kernel cmdline parameters.</p><p><strong>Example. </strong> </p><pre class="screen">menuentry 'Live Fedora 20' --class fedora --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os { set isolabel=Fedora-Live-LXDE-x86_64-20-1 set isofile="/boot/iso/Fedora-Live-LXDE-x86_64-20-1.iso" loopback loop $isofile linux (loop)/isolinux/vmlinuz0 boot=isolinux iso-scan/filename=$isofile root=live:LABEL=$isolabel ro rd.live.image quiet rhgb initrd (loop)/isolinux/initrd0.img }</pre><p> </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_misc"></a>Misc</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.emergency=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em>[reboot|poweroff|halt]</em></span> </span></dt><dd> specify, what action to execute in case of a critical failure. rd.shell=0 must also be specified. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.driver.blacklist=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><drivername></em></span>[,<span class="emphasis"><em><drivername></em></span>,…] </span></dt><dd> do not load kernel module <drivername>. This parameter can be specified multiple times. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.driver.pre=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><drivername></em></span>[,<span class="emphasis"><em><drivername></em></span>,…] </span></dt><dd> force loading kernel module <drivername>. This parameter can be specified multiple times. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.driver.post=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><drivername></em></span>[,<span class="emphasis"><em><drivername></em></span>,…] </span></dt><dd> force loading kernel module <drivername> after all automatic loading modules have been loaded. This parameter can be specified multiple times. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.retry=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><seconds></em></span> </span></dt><dd> specify how long dracut should retry the initqueue to configure devices. The default is 180 seconds. After 2/3 of the time, degraded raids are force started. If you have hardware, which takes a very long time to announce its drives, you might want to extend this value. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.timeout=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><seconds></em></span> </span></dt><dd> specify how long dracut should wait for devices to appear. The default is <span class="emphasis"><em>0</em></span>, which means <span class="emphasis"><em>forever</em></span>. Note that this timeout should be longer than rd.retry to allow for proper configuration. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.noverifyssl</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> accept self-signed certificates for ssl downloads. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.ctty=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><terminal device></em></span> </span></dt><dd> specify the controlling terminal for the console. This is useful, if you have multiple "console=" arguments. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.shutdown.timeout.umount=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><seconds></em></span> </span></dt><dd> specify how long dracut should wait for an individual umount to finish during shutdown. This avoids the system from blocking when unmounting a file system cannot complete and waits indefinitely. Value <span class="emphasis"><em>0</em></span> means to wait <span class="emphasis"><em>forever</em></span>. The default is 90 seconds. </dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="dracutkerneldebug"></a>Debug</h3></div></div></div><p>If you are dropped to an emergency shell, the file <span class="emphasis"><em>/run/initramfs/rdsosreport.txt</em></span> is created, which can be saved to a (to be mounted by hand) partition (usually /boot) or a USB stick. Additional debugging info can be produced by adding <span class="strong"><strong>rd.debug</strong></span> to the kernel command line. <span class="emphasis"><em>/run/initramfs/rdsosreport.txt</em></span> contains all logs and the output of some tools. It should be attached to any report about dracut problems.</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.info</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> print informational output though "quiet" is set </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.shell</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> allow dropping to a shell, if root mounting fails </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.debug</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> set -x for the dracut shell. If systemd is active in the initramfs, all output is logged to the systemd journal, which you can inspect with "journalctl -ab". If systemd is not active, the logs are written to dmesg and <span class="emphasis"><em>/run/initramfs/init.log</em></span>. If "quiet" is set, it also logs to the console. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.memdebug=[0-5]</strong></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Print memory usage info at various points, set the verbose level from 0 to 5. </p><pre class="literallayout">Higher level means more debugging output:</pre><pre class="screen"> 0 - no output 1 - partial /proc/meminfo 2 - /proc/meminfo 3 - /proc/meminfo + /proc/slabinfo 4 - /proc/meminfo + /proc/slabinfo + memstrack summary NOTE: memstrack is a memory tracing tool that tracks the total memory consumption, and peak memory consumption of each kernel modules and userspace progress during the whole initramfs runtime, report is genereted and the end of initramsfs run. 5 - /proc/meminfo + /proc/slabinfo + memstrack (with top memory stacktrace) NOTE: memstrack (with top memory stacktrace) will print top memory allocation stack traces during the whole initramfs runtime.</pre></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.break</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> drop to a shell at the end </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.break=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em>{cmdline|pre-udev|pre-trigger|initqueue|pre-mount|mount|pre-pivot|cleanup}</em></span> </span></dt><dd> drop to a shell on defined breakpoint </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.udev.info</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> set udev to loglevel info </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.udev.debug</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> set udev to loglevel debug </dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_i18n"></a>I18N</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.vconsole.keymap=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><keymap base file name></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> keyboard translation table loaded by loadkeys; taken from keymaps directory; will be written as KEYMAP to <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/vconsole.conf</em></span> in the initramfs. </p><p><strong>Example. </strong> </p><pre class="screen">rd.vconsole.keymap=de-latin1-nodeadkeys</pre><p> </p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.vconsole.keymap.ext=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><list of keymap base file names></em></span> </span></dt><dd> list of extra keymaps to bo loaded (sep. by space); will be written as EXT_KEYMAP to <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/vconsole.conf</em></span> in the initramfs </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.vconsole.unicode</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> boolean, indicating UTF-8 mode; will be written as UNICODE to <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/vconsole.conf</em></span> in the initramfs </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.vconsole.font=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><font base file name></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> console font; taken from consolefonts directory; will be written as FONT to <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/vconsole.conf</em></span> in the initramfs. </p><p><strong>Example. </strong> </p><pre class="screen">rd.vconsole.font=eurlatgr</pre><p> </p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.vconsole.font.map=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><console map base file name></em></span> </span></dt><dd> see description of <span class="emphasis"><em>-m</em></span> parameter in setfont manual; taken from consoletrans directory; will be written as FONT_MAP to <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/vconsole.conf</em></span> in the initramfs </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.vconsole.font.unimap=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><unicode table base file name></em></span> </span></dt><dd> see description of <span class="emphasis"><em>-u</em></span> parameter in setfont manual; taken from unimaps directory; will be written as FONT_UNIMAP to <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/vconsole.conf</em></span> in the initramfs </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.locale.LANG=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><locale></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> taken from the environment; if no UNICODE is defined we set its value in basis of LANG value (whether it ends with ".utf8" (or similar) or not); will be written as LANG to <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/locale.conf</em></span> in the initramfs. </p><p><strong>Example. </strong> </p><pre class="screen">rd.locale.LANG=pl_PL.utf8</pre><p> </p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.locale.LC_ALL=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><locale></em></span> </span></dt><dd> taken from the environment; will be written as LC_ALL to <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/locale.conf</em></span> in the initramfs </dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_lvm"></a>LVM</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.lvm=0</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> disable LVM detection </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.lvm.vg=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><volume group name></em></span> </span></dt><dd> only activate all logical volumes in the the volume groups with the given name. rd.lvm.vg can be specified multiple times on the kernel command line. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.lvm.lv=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><volume group name>/<logical volume name></em></span> </span></dt><dd> only activate the logical volumes with the given name. rd.lvm.lv can be specified multiple times on the kernel command line. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.lvm.conf=0</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> remove any <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/lvm/lvm.conf</em></span>, which may exist in the initramfs </dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_crypto_luks"></a>crypto LUKS</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.luks=0</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> disable crypto LUKS detection </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.luks.uuid=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><luks uuid></em></span> </span></dt><dd> only activate the LUKS partitions with the given UUID. Any "luks-" of the LUKS UUID is removed before comparing to <span class="emphasis"><em><luks uuid></em></span>. The comparisons also matches, if <span class="emphasis"><em><luks uuid></em></span> is only the beginning of the LUKS UUID, so you don’t have to specify the full UUID. This parameter can be specified multiple times. <span class="emphasis"><em><luks uuid></em></span> may be prefixed by the keyword <code class="literal">keysource:</code>, see <span class="emphasis"><em>rd.luks.key</em></span> below. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.luks.allow-discards=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><luks uuid></em></span> </span></dt><dd> Allow using of discards (TRIM) requests for LUKS partitions with the given UUID. Any "luks-" of the LUKS UUID is removed before comparing to <span class="emphasis"><em><luks uuid></em></span>. The comparisons also matches, if <span class="emphasis"><em><luks uuid></em></span> is only the beginning of the LUKS UUID, so you don’t have to specify the full UUID. This parameter can be specified multiple times. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.luks.allow-discards</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Allow using of discards (TRIM) requests on all LUKS partitions. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.luks.crypttab=0</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> do not check, if LUKS partition is in <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/crypttab</em></span> </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.luks.timeout=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><seconds></em></span> </span></dt><dd> specify how long dracut should wait when waiting for the user to enter the password. This avoid blocking the boot if no password is entered. It does not apply to luks key. The default is <span class="emphasis"><em>0</em></span>, which means <span class="emphasis"><em>forever</em></span>. </dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_crypto_luks_key_on_removable_device_support"></a>crypto LUKS - key on removable device support</h3></div></div></div><p>NB: If systemd is included in the dracut initrd, dracut’s built in removable device keying support won’t work. systemd will prompt for a password from the console even if you’ve supplied <span class="strong"><strong>rd.luks.key</strong></span>. You may be able to use standard systemd <span class="strong"><strong>fstab</strong></span>(5) syntax to get the same effect. If you do need <span class="strong"><strong>rd.luks.key</strong></span> to work, you will have to exclude the "systemd" dracut module and any modules that depend on it. See <span class="strong"><strong>dracut.conf</strong></span>(5) and <a class="ulink" href="https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=905683" target="_top">https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=905683</a> for more information.</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.luks.key=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><keypath>[:<keydev>[:<luksdev>]]</em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> <span class="emphasis"><em><keypath></em></span> is the pathname of a key file, relative to the root of the filesystem on some device. It’s REQUIRED. When <span class="emphasis"><em><keypath></em></span> ends with <span class="emphasis"><em>.gpg</em></span> it’s considered to be key encrypted symmetrically with GPG. You will be prompted for the GPG password on boot. GPG support comes with the <span class="emphasis"><em>crypt-gpg</em></span> module, which needs to be added explicitly. </p><p class="simpara"><span class="emphasis"><em><keydev></em></span> identifies the device on which the key file resides. It may be the kernel name of the device (should start with "/dev/"), a UUID (prefixed with "UUID=") or a label (prefix with "LABEL="). You don’t have to specify a full UUID. Just its beginning will suffice, even if its ambiguous. All matching devices will be probed. This parameter is recommended, but not required. If it’s not present, all block devices will be probed, which may significantly increase boot time.</p><p class="simpara">If <span class="emphasis"><em><luksdev></em></span> is given, the specified key will only be used for the specified LUKS device. Possible values are the same as for <span class="emphasis"><em><keydev></em></span>. Unless you have several LUKS devices, you don’t have to specify this parameter. The simplest usage is:</p><p><strong>Example. </strong> </p><pre class="screen">rd.luks.key=/foo/bar.key</pre><p> </p><p class="simpara">As you see, you can skip colons in such a case.</p></dd></dl></div><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>Your LUKS partition must match your key file.</p><p>dracut provides keys to cryptsetup with <span class="emphasis"><em>-d</em></span> (an older alias for <span class="emphasis"><em>--key-file</em></span>). This uses the entire binary content of the key file as part of the secret. If you pipe a password into cryptsetup <span class="strong"><strong>without</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em>-d</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>--key-file</em></span>, it will be treated as text user input, and only characters before the first newline will be used. Therefore, when you’re creating an encrypted partition for dracut to mount, and you pipe a key into <span class="emphasis"><em>cryptsetup luksFormat</em></span>,you must use <span class="emphasis"><em>-d -</em></span>.</p><p>Here is an example for a key encrypted with GPG (warning: <span class="emphasis"><em>--batch-mode</em></span> will overwrite the device without asking for confirmation):</p><pre class="screen">gpg --quiet --decrypt rootkey.gpg | \ cryptsetup --batch-mode --key-file - \ luksFormat /dev/sda47</pre><p>If you use unencrypted key files, just use the key file pathname instead of the standard input. For a random key with 256 bits of entropy, you might use:</p><pre class="screen">head -32c /dev/urandom > rootkey.key cryptsetup --batch-mode --key-file rootkey.key \ luksFormat /dev/sda47</pre><p>You can also use regular key files on an encrypted <span class="emphasis"><em>keydev</em></span>.</p><p>Compared to using GPG encrypted keyfiles on an unencrypted device this provides the following advantages:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"> you can unlock your disk(s) using multiple passphrases </li><li class="listitem"> better security by not loosing the key stretching mechanism </li></ul></div><p>To use an encrypted <span class="emphasis"><em>keydev</em></span> you <span class="strong"><strong>must</strong></span> ensure that it becomes available by using the keyword <code class="literal">keysource</code>, e.g. <code class="literal">rd.luks.uuid=keysource:aaaa</code> <span class="emphasis"><em>aaaa</em></span> being the uuid of the encrypted <span class="emphasis"><em>keydev</em></span>.</p><p>Example:</p><p>Lets assume you have three disks <span class="emphasis"><em>A</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>B</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>C</em></span> with the uuids <span class="emphasis"><em>aaaa</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>bbbb</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>cccc</em></span>. You want to unlock <span class="emphasis"><em>A</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>B</em></span> using keyfile <span class="emphasis"><em>keyfile</em></span>. The unlocked volumes be <span class="emphasis"><em>A'</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>B'</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>C'</em></span> with the uuids <span class="emphasis"><em>AAAA</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>BBBB</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>CCCC</em></span>. <span class="emphasis"><em>keyfile</em></span> is saved on <span class="emphasis"><em>C'</em></span> as <span class="emphasis"><em>/keyfile</em></span>.</p><p>One luks keyslot of each <span class="emphasis"><em>A</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>B</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>C</em></span> is setup with a passphrase. Another luks keyslot of each <span class="emphasis"><em>A</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>B</em></span> is setup with <span class="emphasis"><em>keyfile</em></span>.</p><p>To boot this configuration you could use:</p><pre class="screen">rd.luks.uuid=aaaa rd.luks.uuid=bbbb rd.luks.uuid=keysource:cccc rd.luks.key=/keyfile:UUID=CCCC</pre><p>Dracut asks for the passphrase for <span class="emphasis"><em>C</em></span> and uses the keyfile to unlock <span class="emphasis"><em>A</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>B</em></span>. If getting the passphrase for <span class="emphasis"><em>C</em></span> fails it falls back to asking for the passphrases for <span class="emphasis"><em>A</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>B</em></span>.</p><p>If you want <span class="emphasis"><em>C'</em></span> to stay unlocked, specify a luks name for it, e.g. <code class="literal">rd.luks.name=cccc=mykeys</code>, otherwise it gets closed when not needed anymore.</p></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.luks.key.tout=0</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> specify how many times dracut will try to read the keys specified in in rd.luk.key. This gives a chance to the removable device containing the key to initialise. </dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_md_raid"></a>MD RAID</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.md=0</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> disable MD RAID detection </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.md.imsm=0</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> disable MD RAID for imsm/isw raids, use DM RAID instead </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.md.ddf=0</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> disable MD RAID for SNIA ddf raids, use DM RAID instead </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.md.conf=0</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> ignore mdadm.conf included in initramfs </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.md.waitclean=1</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> wait for any resync, recovery, or reshape activity to finish before continuing </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.md.uuid=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><md raid uuid></em></span> </span></dt><dd> only activate the raid sets with the given UUID. This parameter can be specified multiple times. </dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_dm_raid"></a>DM RAID</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.dm=0</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> disable DM RAID detection </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.dm.uuid=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><dm raid uuid></em></span> </span></dt><dd> only activate the raid sets with the given UUID. This parameter can be specified multiple times. </dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_multipath"></a>MULTIPATH</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.multipath=0</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> disable multipath detection </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.multipath=default</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> use default multipath settings </dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_fips"></a>FIPS</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.fips</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> enable FIPS </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>boot=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><boot device></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> specify the device, where /boot is located. </p><p><strong>Example. </strong> </p><pre class="screen">boot=/dev/sda1 boot=/dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:1f.1-scsi-0:0:1:0-part1 boot=UUID=<uuid> boot=LABEL=<label></pre><p> </p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.fips.skipkernel</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> skip checksum check of the kernel image. Useful, if the kernel image is not in a separate boot partition. </dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_network"></a>Network</h3></div></div></div><div class="important" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Important</h3><p>It is recommended to either bind an interface to a MAC with the <span class="strong"><strong>ifname</strong></span> argument, or to use the systemd-udevd predictable network interface names.</p><p>Predictable network interface device names based on:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"> firmware/bios-provided index numbers for on-board devices </li><li class="listitem"> firmware-provided pci-express hotplug slot index number </li><li class="listitem"> physical/geographical location of the hardware </li><li class="listitem"> the interface’s MAC address </li></ul></div><p>See: <a class="ulink" href="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/PredictableNetworkInterfaceNames" target="_top">http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/PredictableNetworkInterfaceNames</a></p><p>Two character prefixes based on the type of interface:</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> en </span></dt><dd> ethernet </dd><dt><span class="term"> wl </span></dt><dd> wlan </dd><dt><span class="term"> ww </span></dt><dd> wwan </dd></dl></div><p>Type of names:</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> o<index> </span></dt><dd> on-board device index number </dd><dt><span class="term"> s<slot>[f<function>][d<dev_id>] </span></dt><dd> hotplug slot index number </dd><dt><span class="term"> x<MAC> </span></dt><dd> MAC address </dd><dt><span class="term"> [P<domain>]p<bus>s<slot>[f<function>][d<dev_id>] </span></dt><dd> PCI geographical location </dd><dt><span class="term"> [P<domain>]p<bus>s<slot>[f<function>][u<port>][..][c<config>][i<interface>] </span></dt><dd> USB port number chain </dd></dl></div><p>All multi-function PCI devices will carry the [f<function>] number in the device name, including the function 0 device.</p><p>When using PCI geography, The PCI domain is only prepended when it is not 0.</p><p>For USB devices the full chain of port numbers of hubs is composed. If the name gets longer than the maximum number of 15 characters, the name is not exported. The usual USB configuration == 1 and interface == 0 values are suppressed.</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> PCI ethernet card with firmware index "1" </span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"> eno1 </li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> PCI ethernet card in hotplug slot with firmware index number </span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"> ens1 </li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> PCI ethernet multi-function card with 2 ports </span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"> enp2s0f0 </li><li class="listitem"> enp2s0f1 </li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> PCI wlan card </span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"> wlp3s0 </li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> USB built-in 3G modem </span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"> wwp0s29u1u4i6 </li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> USB Android phone </span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"> enp0s29u1u2 </li></ul></div></dd></dl></div></div><p>The following options are supported by the <span class="emphasis"><em>network-legacy</em></span> dracut module. Other network modules might support a slightly different set of options; refer to the documentation of the specific network module in use. For NetworkManager, see <span class="strong"><strong>nm-initrd-generator</strong></span>(8).</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>ip=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em>{dhcp|on|any|dhcp6|auto6|either6|link6|single-dhcp}</em></span> </span></dt><dd><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> dhcp|on|any </span></dt><dd> get ip from dhcp server from all interfaces. If netroot=dhcp, loop sequentially through all interfaces (eth0, eth1, …) and use the first with a valid DHCP root-path. </dd><dt><span class="term"> single-dhcp </span></dt><dd> Send DHCP on all available interfaces in parallel, as opposed to one after another. After the first DHCP response is received, stop DHCP on all other interfaces. This gives the fastest boot time by using the IP on interface for which DHCP succeeded first during early boot. Caveat: Does not apply to Network Manager and to SUSE using wicked. </dd><dt><span class="term"> auto6 </span></dt><dd> IPv6 autoconfiguration </dd><dt><span class="term"> dhcp6 </span></dt><dd> IPv6 DHCP </dd><dt><span class="term"> either6 </span></dt><dd> if auto6 fails, then dhcp6 </dd><dt><span class="term"> link6 </span></dt><dd> bring up interface for IPv6 link-local addressing </dd></dl></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>ip=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><interface></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em>{dhcp|on|any|dhcp6|auto6|link6}</em></span>[:[<span class="emphasis"><em><mtu></em></span>][:<span class="emphasis"><em><macaddr></em></span>]] </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> This parameter can be specified multiple times. </p><div class="informalexample"><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> dhcp|on|any|dhcp6 </span></dt><dd> get ip from dhcp server on a specific interface </dd><dt><span class="term"> auto6 </span></dt><dd> do IPv6 autoconfiguration </dd><dt><span class="term"> link6 </span></dt><dd> bring up interface for IPv6 link local address </dd><dt><span class="term"> <macaddr> </span></dt><dd> optionally <span class="strong"><strong>set</strong></span> <macaddr> on the <interface>. This cannot be used in conjunction with the <span class="strong"><strong>ifname</strong></span> argument for the same <interface>. </dd></dl></div></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>ip=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><client-IP></em></span>:[<span class="emphasis"><em><peer></em></span>]:<span class="emphasis"><em><gateway-IP></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><netmask></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><client_hostname></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><interface></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em>{none|off|dhcp|on|any|dhcp6|auto6|ibft}</em></span>[:[<span class="emphasis"><em><mtu></em></span>][:<span class="emphasis"><em><macaddr></em></span>]] </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> explicit network configuration. If you want do define a IPv6 address, put it in brackets (e.g. [2001:DB8::1]). This parameter can be specified multiple times. <span class="emphasis"><em><peer></em></span> is optional and is the address of the remote endpoint for pointopoint interfaces and it may be followed by a slash and a decimal number, encoding the network prefix length. </p><div class="informalexample"><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <macaddr> </span></dt><dd> optionally <span class="strong"><strong>set</strong></span> <macaddr> on the <interface>. This cannot be used in conjunction with the <span class="strong"><strong>ifname</strong></span> argument for the same <interface>. </dd></dl></div></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>ip=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><client-IP></em></span>:[<span class="emphasis"><em><peer></em></span>]:<span class="emphasis"><em><gateway-IP></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><netmask></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><client_hostname></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><interface></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em>{none|off|dhcp|on|any|dhcp6|auto6|ibft}</em></span>[:[<span class="emphasis"><em><dns1></em></span>][:<span class="emphasis"><em><dns2></em></span>]] </span></dt><dd> explicit network configuration. If you want do define a IPv6 address, put it in brackets (e.g. [2001:DB8::1]). This parameter can be specified multiple times. <span class="emphasis"><em><peer></em></span> is optional and is the address of the remote endpoint for pointopoint interfaces and it may be followed by a slash and a decimal number, encoding the network prefix length. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>ifname=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><interface></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><MAC></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Assign network device name <interface> (i.e. "bootnet") to the NIC with MAC <MAC>. </p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>Do <span class="strong"><strong>not</strong></span> use the default kernel naming scheme for the interface name, as it can conflict with the kernel names. So, don’t use "eth[0-9]+" for the interface name. Better name it "bootnet" or "bluesocket".</p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.route=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><net></em></span>/<span class="emphasis"><em><netmask></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><gateway></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><interface></em></span>] </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Add a static route with route options, which are separated by a colon. IPv6 addresses have to be put in brackets. </p><p><strong>Example. </strong> </p><pre class="screen"> rd.route=192.168.200.0/24:192.168.100.222:ens10 rd.route=192.168.200.0/24:192.168.100.222 rd.route=192.168.200.0/24::ens10 rd.route=[2001:DB8:3::/8]:[2001:DB8:2::1]:ens10</pre><p> </p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>bootdev=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><interface></em></span> </span></dt><dd> specify network interface to use routing and netroot information from. Required if multiple ip= lines are used. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>BOOTIF=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><MAC></em></span> </span></dt><dd> specify network interface to use routing and netroot information from. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.bootif=0</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Disable BOOTIF parsing, which is provided by PXE </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>nameserver=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><IP></em></span> [<span class="strong"><strong>nameserver=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><IP></em></span> …] </span></dt><dd> specify nameserver(s) to use </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.peerdns=0</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Disable DNS setting of DHCP parameters. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>biosdevname=0</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> boolean, turn off biosdevname network interface renaming </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.neednet=1</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> boolean, bring up network even without netroot set </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>vlan=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><vlanname></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><phydevice></em></span> </span></dt><dd> Setup vlan device named <vlanname> on <phydevice>. We support the four styles of vlan names: VLAN_PLUS_VID (vlan0005), VLAN_PLUS_VID_NO_PAD (vlan5), DEV_PLUS_VID (eth0.0005), DEV_PLUS_VID_NO_PAD (eth0.5) </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>bond=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><bondname></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><bondslaves></em></span>:[:<span class="emphasis"><em><options></em></span>[:<mtu>]]] </span></dt><dd> Setup bonding device <bondname> on top of <bondslaves>. <bondslaves> is a comma-separated list of physical (ethernet) interfaces. <options> is a comma-separated list on bonding options (modinfo bonding for details) in format compatible with initscripts. If <options> includes multi-valued arp_ip_target option, then its values should be separated by semicolon. if the mtu is specified, it will be set on the bond master. Bond without parameters assumes bond=bond0:eth0,eth1:mode=balance-rr </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>team=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><teammaster></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><teamslaves></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><teamrunner></em></span>] </span></dt><dd> Setup team device <teammaster> on top of <teamslaves>. <teamslaves> is a comma-separated list of physical (ethernet) interfaces. <teamrunner> is the runner type to be used (see <span class="strong"><strong>teamd.conf</strong></span>(5)); defaults to activebackup. Team without parameters assumes team=team0:eth0,eth1:activebackup </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>bridge=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><bridgename></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><ethnames></em></span> </span></dt><dd> Setup bridge <bridgename> with <ethnames>. <ethnames> is a comma-separated list of physical (ethernet) interfaces. Bridge without parameters assumes bridge=br0:eth0 </dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_nfs"></a>NFS</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>root=</strong></span>[<span class="emphasis"><em><server-ip></em></span>:]<span class="emphasis"><em><root-dir></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><nfs-options></em></span>] </span></dt><dd> mount nfs share from <server-ip>:/<root-dir>, if no server-ip is given, use dhcp next_server. If server-ip is an IPv6 address it has to be put in brackets, e.g. [2001:DB8::1]. NFS options can be appended with the prefix ":" or "," and are separated by ",". </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>root=</strong></span>nfs:[<span class="emphasis"><em><server-ip></em></span>:]<span class="emphasis"><em><root-dir></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><nfs-options></em></span>], <span class="strong"><strong>root=</strong></span>nfs4:[<span class="emphasis"><em><server-ip></em></span>:]<span class="emphasis"><em><root-dir></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><nfs-options></em></span>], <span class="strong"><strong>root=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em>{dhcp|dhcp6}</em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> netroot=dhcp alone directs initrd to look at the DHCP root-path where NFS options can be specified. </p><p><strong>Example. </strong> </p><pre class="screen"> root-path=<server-ip>:<root-dir>[,<nfs-options>] root-path=nfs:<server-ip>:<root-dir>[,<nfs-options>] root-path=nfs4:<server-ip>:<root-dir>[,<nfs-options>]</pre><p> </p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>root=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em>/dev/nfs</em></span> nfsroot=[<span class="emphasis"><em><server-ip></em></span>:]<span class="emphasis"><em><root-dir></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><nfs-options></em></span>] </span></dt><dd> <span class="emphasis"><em>Deprecated!</em></span> kernel Documentation_/filesystems/nfsroot.txt_ defines this method. This is supported by dracut, but not recommended. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.nfs.domain=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><NFSv4 domain name></em></span> </span></dt><dd> Set the NFSv4 domain name. Will override the settings in <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/idmap.conf</em></span>. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.net.dhcp.retry=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><cnt></em></span> </span></dt><dd> If this option is set, dracut will try to connect via dhcp <cnt> times before failing. Default is 1. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.net.timeout.dhcp=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><arg></em></span> </span></dt><dd> If this option is set, dhclient is called with "-timeout <arg>". </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.net.timeout.iflink=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><seconds></em></span> </span></dt><dd> Wait <seconds> until link shows up. Default is 60 seconds. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.net.timeout.ifup=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><seconds></em></span> </span></dt><dd> Wait <seconds> until link has state "UP". Default is 20 seconds. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.net.timeout.route=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><seconds></em></span> </span></dt><dd> Wait <seconds> until route shows up. Default is 20 seconds. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.net.timeout.ipv6dad=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><seconds></em></span> </span></dt><dd> Wait <seconds> until IPv6 DAD is finished. Default is 50 seconds. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.net.timeout.ipv6auto=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><seconds></em></span> </span></dt><dd> Wait <seconds> until IPv6 automatic addresses are assigned. Default is 40 seconds. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.net.timeout.carrier=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><seconds></em></span> </span></dt><dd> Wait <seconds> until carrier is recognized. Default is 10 seconds. </dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_cifs"></a>CIFS</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>root=</strong></span>cifs://[<span class="emphasis"><em><username></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><password></em></span>]@]<span class="emphasis"><em><server-ip></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><root-dir></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> mount cifs share from <server-ip>:/<root-dir>, if no server-ip is given, use dhcp next_server. if server-ip is an IPv6 address it has to be put in brackets, e.g. [2001:DB8::1]. If a username or password are not specified as part of the root, then they must be passed on the command line through cifsuser/cifspass. </p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>Passwords specified on the kernel command line are visible for all users via the file <span class="emphasis"><em>/proc/cmdline</em></span> and via dmesg or can be sniffed on the network, when using DHCP with DHCP root-path.</p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>cifsuser</strong></span>=<span class="emphasis"><em><username></em></span> </span></dt><dd> Set the cifs username, if not specified as part of the root. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>cifspass</strong></span>=<span class="emphasis"><em><password></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Set the cifs password, if not specified as part of the root. </p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>Passwords specified on the kernel command line are visible for all users via the file <span class="emphasis"><em>/proc/cmdline</em></span> and via dmesg or can be sniffed on the network, when using DHCP with DHCP root-path.</p></div></dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_iscsi"></a>iSCSI</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>root=</strong></span>iscsi:[<span class="emphasis"><em><username></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><password></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><reverse></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><password></em></span>]@][<span class="emphasis"><em><servername></em></span>]:[<span class="emphasis"><em><protocol></em></span>]:[<span class="emphasis"><em><port></em></span>][:[<span class="emphasis"><em><iscsi_iface_name></em></span>]:[<span class="emphasis"><em><netdev_name></em></span>]]:[<span class="emphasis"><em><LUN></em></span>]:<span class="emphasis"><em><targetname></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> protocol defaults to "6", LUN defaults to "0". If the "servername" field is provided by BOOTP or DHCP, then that field is used in conjunction with other associated fields to contact the boot server in the Boot stage. However, if the "servername" field is not provided, then the "targetname" field is then used in the Discovery Service stage in conjunction with other associated fields. See <a class="ulink" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4173#section-5" target="_top">rfc4173</a>. </p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>Passwords specified on the kernel command line are visible for all users via the file <span class="emphasis"><em>/proc/cmdline</em></span> and via dmesg or can be sniffed on the network, when using DHCP with DHCP root-path.</p></div><p><strong>Example. </strong> </p><pre class="screen">root=iscsi:192.168.50.1::::iqn.2009-06.dracut:target0</pre><p> </p><p class="simpara">If servername is an IPv6 address, it has to be put in brackets:</p><p><strong>Example. </strong> </p><pre class="screen">root=iscsi:[2001:DB8::1]::::iqn.2009-06.dracut:target0</pre><p> </p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>root=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em>???</em></span> <span class="strong"><strong>netroot=</strong></span>iscsi:[<span class="emphasis"><em><username></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><password></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><reverse></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><password></em></span>]@][<span class="emphasis"><em><servername></em></span>]:[<span class="emphasis"><em><protocol></em></span>]:[<span class="emphasis"><em><port></em></span>][:[<span class="emphasis"><em><iscsi_iface_name></em></span>]:[<span class="emphasis"><em><netdev_name></em></span>]]:[<span class="emphasis"><em><LUN></em></span>]:<span class="emphasis"><em><targetname></em></span> … </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> multiple netroot options allow setting up multiple iscsi disks: </p><p><strong>Example. </strong> </p><pre class="screen">root=UUID=12424547 netroot=iscsi:192.168.50.1::::iqn.2009-06.dracut:target0 netroot=iscsi:192.168.50.1::::iqn.2009-06.dracut:target1</pre><p> </p><p class="simpara">If servername is an IPv6 address, it has to be put in brackets:</p><p><strong>Example. </strong> </p><pre class="screen">netroot=iscsi:[2001:DB8::1]::::iqn.2009-06.dracut:target0</pre><p> </p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>Passwords specified on the kernel command line are visible for all users via the file <span class="emphasis"><em>/proc/cmdline</em></span> and via dmesg or can be sniffed on the network, when using DHCP with DHCP root-path. You may want to use rd.iscsi.firmware.</p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>root=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em>???</em></span> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.iscsi.initiator=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><initiator></em></span> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.iscsi.target.name=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><target name></em></span> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.iscsi.target.ip=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><target ip></em></span> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.iscsi.target.port=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><target port></em></span> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.iscsi.target.group=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><target group></em></span> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.iscsi.username=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><username></em></span> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.iscsi.password=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><password></em></span> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.iscsi.in.username=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><in username></em></span> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.iscsi.in.password=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><in password></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> manually specify all iscsistart parameter (see <span class="strong"><strong><code class="literal">iscsistart --help</code></strong></span>) </p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>Passwords specified on the kernel command line are visible for all users via the file <span class="emphasis"><em>/proc/cmdline</em></span> and via dmesg or can be sniffed on the network, when using DHCP with DHCP root-path. You may want to use rd.iscsi.firmware.</p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>root=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em>???</em></span> <span class="strong"><strong>netroot=</strong></span>iscsi <span class="strong"><strong>rd.iscsi.firmware=1</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> will read the iscsi parameter from the BIOS firmware </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.iscsi.login_retry_max=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><num></em></span> </span></dt><dd> maximum number of login retries </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.iscsi.param=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><param></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> <param> will be passed as "--param <param>" to iscsistart. This parameter can be specified multiple times. </p><p><strong>Example. </strong> </p><pre class="screen">"netroot=iscsi rd.iscsi.firmware=1 rd.iscsi.param=node.session.timeo.replacement_timeout=30"</pre><p> </p><p class="simpara">will result in</p><pre class="screen">iscsistart -b --param node.session.timeo.replacement_timeout=30</pre></dd></dl></div><p><span class="strong"><strong>rd.iscsi.ibft</strong></span> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.iscsi.ibft=1</strong></span>: Turn on iBFT autoconfiguration for the interfaces</p><p><span class="strong"><strong>rd.iscsi.mp</strong></span> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.iscsi.mp=1</strong></span>: Configure all iBFT interfaces, not only used for booting (multipath)</p><p><span class="strong"><strong>rd.iscsi.waitnet=0</strong></span>: Turn off waiting for all interfaces to be up before trying to login to the iSCSI targets.</p><p><span class="strong"><strong>rd.iscsi.testroute=0</strong></span>: Turn off checking, if the route to the iSCSI target IP is possible before trying to login.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_fcoe"></a>FCoE</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.fcoe=0</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> disable FCoE and lldpad </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>fcoe=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><edd|interface|MAC></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em>{dcb|nodcb}</em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em>{fabric|vn2vn}</em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Try to connect to a FCoE SAN through the NIC specified by <span class="emphasis"><em><interface></em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em><MAC></em></span> or EDD settings. The second argument specifies if DCB should be used. The optional third argument specifies whether fabric or VN2VN mode should be used. This parameter can be specified multiple times. </p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>letters in the MAC-address must be lowercase!</p></div></dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_nvmf"></a>NVMf</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.nonvmf=0</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Disable NVMf </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.nvmf.nonbft</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Disable connecting to targets from the NVMe Boot Firmware Table. Without this parameter, NBFT connections will take precedence over <span class="emphasis"><em>rd.nvmf.discover</em></span>. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.nvmf.nostatic</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> Disable connecting to targets that have been statically configured when the initramfs was built. Targets specified with rd.nvmf.discover on the kernel command line will still be tried. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.nvmf.hostnqn=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><hostNQN></em></span> </span></dt><dd> NVMe host NQN to use </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.nvmf.hostid=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><hostID></em></span> </span></dt><dd> NVMe host id to use </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.nvmf.discover=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em>{rdma|fc|tcp}</em></span>,<span class="emphasis"><em><traddr></em></span>,[<span class="emphasis"><em><host_traddr></em></span>],[<span class="emphasis"><em><trsvcid></em></span>] </span></dt><dd> Discover and connect to a NVMe-over-Fabric controller specified by <span class="emphasis"><em><traddr></em></span> and the optionally <span class="emphasis"><em><host_traddr></em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em><trsvcid></em></span>. The first argument specifies the transport to use; currently only <span class="emphasis"><em>rdma</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>fc</em></span>, or <span class="emphasis"><em>tcp</em></span> are supported. The <span class="emphasis"><em><traddr></em></span> parameter can be set to <span class="emphasis"><em>auto</em></span> to select autodiscovery; in that case all other parameters are ignored. This parameter can be specified multiple times. </dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_nbd"></a>NBD</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>root=</strong></span>??? <span class="strong"><strong>netroot=</strong></span>nbd:<span class="emphasis"><em><server></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><port/exportname></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><fstype></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><mountopts></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><nbdopts></em></span>]]] </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> mount nbd share from <server>. </p><p class="simpara">NOTE: If "exportname" instead of "port" is given the standard port is used. Newer versions of nbd are only supported with "exportname".</p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>root=/dev/root netroot=dhcp</strong></span> with <span class="strong"><strong>dhcp</strong></span> <span class="strong"><strong>root-path=</strong></span>nbd:<span class="emphasis"><em><server></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><port/exportname></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><fstype></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><mountopts></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em><nbdopts></em></span>]]] </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> netroot=dhcp alone directs initrd to look at the DHCP root-path where NBD options can be specified. This syntax is only usable in cases where you are directly mounting the volume as the rootfs. </p><p class="simpara">NOTE: If "exportname" instead of "port" is given the standard port is used. Newer versions of nbd are only supported with "exportname".</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_virtiofs"></a>VIRTIOFS</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>root=</strong></span>virtiofs:<span class="emphasis"><em><mount-tag></em></span> </span></dt><dd> mount virtiofs share using the tag <mount-tag>. The tag name is arbitrary and must match the tag given in the qemu <span class="emphasis"><em>-device</em></span> command. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rootfstype=</strong></span>virtiofs <span class="strong"><strong>root=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><mount-tag></em></span> </span></dt><dd> mount virtiofs share using the tag <mount-tag>. The tag name is arbitrary and must match the tag given in the qemu <span class="emphasis"><em>-device</em></span> command. </dd></dl></div><p>Both formats are supported by the <span class="emphasis"><em>virtiofs</em></span> dracut module. See <a class="ulink" href="https://gitlab.com/virtio-fs/virtiofsd" target="_top">https://gitlab.com/virtio-fs/virtiofsd</a> for more information.</p><p><strong>Example. </strong> </p><pre class="screen">root=virtiofs:host rw</pre><p> </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_dasd"></a>DASD</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.dasd=</strong></span>…. </span></dt><dd> same syntax as the kernel module parameter (s390 only) </dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_zfcp"></a>ZFCP</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.zfcp=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><zfcp adaptor device bus ID></em></span>,<span class="emphasis"><em><WWPN></em></span>,<span class="emphasis"><em><FCPLUN></em></span> </span></dt><dd> rd.zfcp can be specified multiple times on the kernel command line. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.zfcp=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><zfcp adaptor device bus ID></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> If NPIV is enabled and the <span class="emphasis"><em>allow_lun_scan</em></span> parameter to the zfcp module is set to <span class="emphasis"><em>Y</em></span> then the zfcp adaptor will be initiating a scan internally and the <WWPN> and <FCPLUN> parameters can be omitted. </p><p><strong>Example. </strong> </p><pre class="screen">rd.zfcp=0.0.4000,0x5005076300C213e9,0x5022000000000000 rd.zfcp=0.0.4000</pre><p> </p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.zfcp.conf=0</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> ignore zfcp.conf included in the initramfs </dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_znet"></a>ZNET</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.znet=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><nettype></em></span>,<span class="emphasis"><em><subchannels></em></span>,<span class="emphasis"><em><options></em></span> </span></dt><dd> The whole parameter is appended to /etc/ccw.conf, which is used on RHEL/Fedora with ccw_init, which is called from udev for certain devices on z-series. rd.znet can be specified multiple times on the kernel command line. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.znet_ifname=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><ifname></em></span>:<span class="emphasis"><em><subchannels></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Assign network device name <interface> (i.e. "bootnet") to the NIC corresponds to the subchannels. This is useful when dracut’s default "ifname=" doesn’t work due to device having a changing MAC address. </p><p><strong>Example. </strong> </p><pre class="screen">rd.znet=qeth,0.0.0600,0.0.0601,0.0.0602,layer2=1,portname=foo rd.znet=ctc,0.0.0600,0.0.0601,protocol=bar</pre><p> </p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_booting_live_images"></a>Booting live images</h3></div></div></div><p>Dracut offers multiple options for live booted images:</p><div class="informalexample"><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> SquashFS with read-only filesystem image </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> The system will boot with a read-only filesystem from the SquashFS and apply a writable Device-mapper snapshot or an OverlayFS overlay mount for the read-only base filesystem. This method ensures a relatively fast boot and lower RAM usage. Users <span class="strong"><strong>must be careful</strong></span> to avoid writing too many blocks to a snapshot volume. Once the blocks of the snapshot overlay are exhausted, the root filesystem becomes read-only and may cause application failures. The snapshot overlay file is marked <span class="emphasis"><em>Overflow</em></span>, and a difficult recovery is required to repair and enlarge the overlay offline. Non-persistent overlays are sparse files in RAM that only consume content space as required blocks are allocated. They default to an apparent size of 32 GiB in RAM. The size can be adjusted with the <span class="strong"><strong>rd.live.overlay.size=</strong></span> kernel command line option. </p><p class="simpara">The filesystem structure is traditionally expected to be:</p><pre class="screen">squashfs.img | SquashFS from LiveCD .iso !(mount) /LiveOS |- rootfs.img | Filesystem image to mount read-only !(mount) /bin | Live filesystem /boot | /dev | ... |</pre><p class="simpara">For OverlayFS mount overlays, the filesystem structure may also be a direct compression of the root filesystem:</p><pre class="screen">squashfs.img | SquashFS from LiveCD .iso !(mount) /bin | Live filesystem /boot | /dev | ... |</pre><p class="simpara">Dracut uses one of the overlay methods of live booting by default. No additional command line options are required other than <span class="strong"><strong>root=live:<URL></strong></span> to specify the location of your squashed filesystem.</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"> The compressed SquashFS image can be copied during boot to RAM at <code class="literal">/run/initramfs/squashed.img</code> by using the <span class="strong"><strong>rd.live.ram=1</strong></span> option. </li><li class="listitem"> A device with a persistent overlay can be booted read-only by using the <span class="strong"><strong>rd.live.overlay.readonly</strong></span> option on the kernel command line. This will either cause a temporary, writable overlay to be stacked over a read-only snapshot of the root filesystem or the OverlayFS mount will use an additional lower layer with the root filesystem. </li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> Uncompressed live filesystem image </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> When the live system was installed with the <span class="emphasis"><em>--skipcompress</em></span> option of the <span class="emphasis"><em>livecd-iso-to-disk</em></span> installation script for Live USB devices, the root filesystem image, <span class="emphasis"><em>rootfs.img</em></span>, is expanded on installation and no SquashFS is involved during boot. </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"> If <span class="strong"><strong>rd.live.ram=1</strong></span> is used in this situation, the full, uncompressed root filesystem is copied during boot to <code class="literal">/run/initramfs/rootfs.img</code> in the <code class="literal">/run</code> tmpfs. </li><li class="listitem"> If <span class="strong"><strong>rd.live.overlay=none</strong></span> is provided as a kernel command line option, a writable, linear Device-mapper target is created on boot with no overlay. </li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"> Writable filesystem image </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> The system will retrieve a compressed filesystem image, extract it to <code class="literal">/run/initramfs/fsimg/rootfs.img</code>, connect it to a loop device, create a writable, linear Device-mapper target at <code class="literal">/dev/mapper/live-rw</code>, and mount that as a writable volume at <code class="literal">/</code>. More RAM is required during boot but the live filesystem is easier to manage if it becomes full. Users can make a filesystem image of any size and that size will be maintained when the system boots. There is no persistence of root filesystem changes between boots with this option. </p><p class="simpara">The filesystem structure is expected to be:</p><pre class="screen">rootfs.tgz | Compressed tarball containing filesystem image !(unpack) /rootfs.img | Filesystem image at /run/initramfs/fsimg/ !(mount) /bin | Live filesystem /boot | /dev | ... |</pre><p class="simpara">To use this boot option, ensure that <span class="strong"><strong>rd.writable.fsimg=1</strong></span> is in your kernel command line and add the <span class="strong"><strong>root=live:<URL></strong></span> to specify the location of your compressed filesystem image tarball or SquashFS image.</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.writable.fsimg=</strong></span>1 </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Enables writable filesystem support. The system will boot with a fully writable (but non-persistent) filesystem without snapshots <span class="emphasis"><em>(see notes above about available live boot options)</em></span>. You can use the <span class="strong"><strong>rootflags</strong></span> option to set mount options for the live filesystem as well <span class="emphasis"><em>(see documentation about rootflags in the <span class="strong"><strong>Standard</strong></span> section above)</em></span>. This implies that the whole image is copied to RAM before the boot continues. </p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>There must be enough free RAM available to hold the complete image.</p></div><p class="simpara">This method is very suitable for diskless boots.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>root=</strong></span>live:<span class="emphasis"><em><url></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Boots a live image retrieved from <span class="emphasis"><em><url></em></span>. Requires the dracut <span class="emphasis"><em>livenet</em></span> module. Valid handlers: <span class="emphasis"><em>http, https, ftp, torrent, tftp</em></span>. </p><p><strong>Examples. </strong> </p><pre class="screen">root=live:http://example.com/liveboot.img root=live:ftp://ftp.example.com/liveboot.img root=live:torrent://example.com/liveboot.img.torrent</pre><p> </p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.live.debug=</strong></span>1 </span></dt><dd> Enables debug output from the live boot process. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.live.dir=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><path></em></span> </span></dt><dd> Specifies the directory within the boot device where the squashfs.img or rootfs.img can be found. By default, this is <code class="literal">/LiveOS</code>. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.live.squashimg=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><filename of SquashFS image></em></span> </span></dt><dd> Specifies the filename for a SquashFS image of the root filesystem. By default, this is <span class="emphasis"><em>squashfs.img</em></span>. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.live.ram=</strong></span>1 </span></dt><dd> Copy the complete image to RAM and use this for booting. This is useful when the image resides on, e.g., a DVD which needs to be ejected later on. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.live.overlay={</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><devspec></em></span>[:<span class="emphasis"><em>{<pathspec>|auto}</em></span>]|<span class="emphasis"><em>none</em></span>} </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Manage the usage of a permanent overlay. </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"> <span class="emphasis"><em><devspec></em></span> specifies the path to a device with a mountable filesystem. </li><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara"> <span class="emphasis"><em><pathspec></em></span> is the path to a file within that filesystem, which shall be used to persist the changes made to the device specified by the <span class="strong"><strong>root=live:<span class="emphasis"><em><url></em></span></strong></span> option. </p><p class="simpara">The default <span class="emphasis"><em>pathspec</em></span>, when <span class="emphasis"><em>auto</em></span> or no <span class="emphasis"><em>:<pathspec></em></span> is given, is <code class="literal">/<rd.live.dir>/overlay-<label>-<uuid></code>, where <span class="emphasis"><em><label></em></span> is the device LABEL, and <span class="emphasis"><em><uuid></em></span> is the device UUID. * <span class="emphasis"><em>none</em></span> (the word itself) specifies that no overlay will be used, such as when an uncompressed, writable live root filesystem is available.</p><p class="simpara">If a persistent overlay <span class="emphasis"><em>is detected</em></span> at the standard LiveOS path, the overlay & overlay type detected, whether Device-mapper or OverlayFS, will be used.</p></li></ul></div><p><strong>Examples. </strong> </p><pre class="screen">rd.live.overlay=/dev/sdb1:persistent-overlay.img rd.live.overlay=UUID=99440c1f-8daa-41bf-b965-b7240a8996f4</pre><p> </p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.live.overlay.cowfs=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em>[btrfs|ext4|xfs]</em></span> </span></dt><dd> Specifies the filesystem to use when formatting the overlay partition. The default is ext4. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.live.overlay.size=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><size_MiB></em></span> </span></dt><dd> Specifies a non-persistent Device-mapper overlay size in MiB. The default is <span class="emphasis"><em>32768</em></span>. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.live.overlay.readonly=</strong></span>1 </span></dt><dd> This is used to boot with a normally read-write persistent overlay in a read-only mode. With this option, either an additional, non-persistent, writable snapshot overlay will be stacked over a read-only snapshot, <code class="literal">/dev/mapper/live‑ro</code>, of the base filesystem with the persistent overlay, or a read-only loop device, in the case of a writable <span class="emphasis"><em>rootfs.img</em></span>, or an OverlayFS mount will use the persistent overlay directory linked at <code class="literal">/run/overlayfs‑r</code> as an additional lower layer along with the base root filesystem and apply a transient, writable upper directory overlay, in order to complete the booted root filesystem. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.live.overlay.reset=</strong></span>1 </span></dt><dd> Specifies that a persistent overlay should be reset on boot. All previous root filesystem changes are vacated by this action. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.live.overlay.thin=</strong></span>1 </span></dt><dd> Enables the usage of thin snapshots instead of classic dm snapshots. The advantage of thin snapshots is that they support discards, and will free blocks that are not claimed by the filesystem. In this use case, this means that memory is given back to the kernel when the filesystem does not claim it anymore. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.live.overlay.overlayfs=</strong></span>1 </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Enables the use of the <span class="strong"><strong>OverlayFS</strong></span> kernel module, if available, to provide a copy-on-write union directory for the root filesystem. OverlayFS overlays are directories of the files that have changed on the read-only base (lower) filesystem. The root filesystem is provided through a special overlay type mount that merges the lower and upper directories. If an OverlayFS upper directory is not present on the boot device, a tmpfs directory will be created at <code class="literal">/run/overlayfs</code> to provide temporary storage. Persistent storage can be provided on vfat or msdos formatted devices by supplying the OverlayFS upper directory within an embedded filesystem that supports the creation of trusted.* extended attributes and provides a valid d_type in readdir responses, such as with ext4 and xfs. On non-vfat-formatted devices, a persistent OverlayFS overlay can extend the available root filesystem storage up to the capacity of the LiveOS disk device. </p><p class="simpara">If a persistent overlay is detected at the standard LiveOS path, the overlay & overlay type detected, whether OverlayFS or Device-mapper, will be used.</p><p class="simpara">The <span class="strong"><strong>rd.live.overlay.readonly</strong></span> option, which allows a persistent overlayfs to be mounted read-only through a higher level transient overlay directory, has been implemented through the multiple lower layers feature of OverlayFS.</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_zipl"></a>ZIPL</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.zipl=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><path to blockdevice></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Update the dracut commandline with the values found in the <span class="emphasis"><em>dracut-cmdline.conf</em></span> file on the given device. The values are merged into the existing commandline values and the udev events are regenerated. </p><p><strong>Example. </strong> </p><pre class="screen">rd.zipl=UUID=0fb28157-99e3-4395-adef-da3f7d44835a</pre><p> </p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_cio_ignore"></a>CIO_IGNORE</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.cio_accept=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><device-ids></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Remove the devices listed in <device-ids> from the default cio_ignore kernel command-line settings. <device-ids> is a list of comma-separated CCW device ids. The default for this value is taken from the <span class="emphasis"><em>/boot/zipl/active_devices.txt</em></span> file. </p><p><strong>Example. </strong> </p><pre class="screen">rd.cio_accept=0.0.0180,0.0.0800,0.0.0801,0.0.0802</pre><p> </p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_plymouth_boot_splash"></a>Plymouth Boot Splash</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>plymouth.enable=0</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> disable the plymouth bootsplash completely. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>rd.plymouth=0</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> disable the plymouth bootsplash only for the initramfs. </dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_kernel_keys"></a>Kernel keys</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>masterkey=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><kernel master key path name></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Set the path name of the kernel master key. </p><p><strong>Example. </strong> </p><pre class="screen">masterkey=/etc/keys/kmk-trusted.blob</pre><p> </p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>masterkeytype=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><kernel master key type></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Set the type of the kernel master key. </p><p><strong>Example. </strong> </p><pre class="screen">masterkeytype=trusted</pre><p> </p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>evmkey=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><EVM HMAC key path name></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Set the path name of the EVM HMAC key. </p><p><strong>Example. </strong> </p><pre class="screen">evmkey=/etc/keys/evm-trusted.blob</pre><p> </p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>evmx509=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><EVM X.509 cert path name></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Set the path name of the EVM X.509 certificate. </p><p><strong>Example. </strong> </p><pre class="screen">evmx509=/etc/keys/x509_evm.der</pre><p> </p></dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>ecryptfskey=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em><eCryptfs key path name></em></span> </span></dt><dd><p class="simpara"> Set the path name of the eCryptfs key. </p><p><strong>Example. </strong> </p><pre class="screen">ecryptfskey=/etc/keys/ecryptfs-trusted.blob</pre><p> </p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_deprecated_renamed_options"></a>Deprecated, renamed Options</h3></div></div></div><p>Here is a list of options, which were used in dracut prior to version 008, and their new replacement.</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> rdbreak </span></dt><dd> rd.break </dd><dt><span class="term"> rd.ccw </span></dt><dd> rd.znet </dd><dt><span class="term"> rd_CCW </span></dt><dd> rd.znet </dd><dt><span class="term"> rd_DASD_MOD </span></dt><dd> rd.dasd </dd><dt><span class="term"> rd_DASD </span></dt><dd> rd.dasd </dd><dt><span class="term"> rdinitdebug rdnetdebug </span></dt><dd> rd.debug </dd><dt><span class="term"> rd_NO_DM </span></dt><dd> rd.dm=0 </dd><dt><span class="term"> rd_DM_UUID </span></dt><dd> rd.dm.uuid </dd><dt><span class="term"> rdblacklist </span></dt><dd> rd.driver.blacklist </dd><dt><span class="term"> rdinsmodpost </span></dt><dd> rd.driver.post </dd><dt><span class="term"> rdloaddriver </span></dt><dd> rd.driver.pre </dd><dt><span class="term"> rd_NO_FSTAB </span></dt><dd> rd.fstab=0 </dd><dt><span class="term"> rdinfo </span></dt><dd> rd.info </dd><dt><span class="term"> check </span></dt><dd> rd.live.check </dd><dt><span class="term"> rdlivedebug </span></dt><dd> rd.live.debug </dd><dt><span class="term"> live_dir </span></dt><dd> rd.live.dir </dd><dt><span class="term"> liveimg </span></dt><dd> rd.live.image </dd><dt><span class="term"> overlay </span></dt><dd> rd.live.overlay </dd><dt><span class="term"> readonly_overlay </span></dt><dd> rd.live.overlay.readonly </dd><dt><span class="term"> reset_overlay </span></dt><dd> rd.live.overlay.reset </dd><dt><span class="term"> live_ram </span></dt><dd> rd.live.ram </dd><dt><span class="term"> rd_NO_CRYPTTAB </span></dt><dd> rd.luks.crypttab=0 </dd><dt><span class="term"> rd_LUKS_KEYDEV_UUID </span></dt><dd> rd.luks.keydev.uuid </dd><dt><span class="term"> rd_LUKS_KEYPATH </span></dt><dd> rd.luks.keypath </dd><dt><span class="term"> rd_NO_LUKS </span></dt><dd> rd.luks=0 </dd><dt><span class="term"> rd_LUKS_UUID </span></dt><dd> rd.luks.uuid </dd><dt><span class="term"> rd_NO_LVMCONF </span></dt><dd> rd.lvm.conf </dd><dt><span class="term"> rd_LVM_LV </span></dt><dd> rd.lvm.lv </dd><dt><span class="term"> rd_NO_LVM </span></dt><dd> rd.lvm=0 </dd><dt><span class="term"> rd_LVM_SNAPSHOT </span></dt><dd> rd.lvm.snapshot </dd><dt><span class="term"> rd_LVM_SNAPSIZE </span></dt><dd> rd.lvm.snapsize </dd><dt><span class="term"> rd_LVM_VG </span></dt><dd> rd.lvm.vg </dd><dt><span class="term"> rd_NO_MDADMCONF </span></dt><dd> rd.md.conf=0 </dd><dt><span class="term"> rd_NO_MDIMSM </span></dt><dd> rd.md.imsm=0 </dd><dt><span class="term"> rd_NO_MD </span></dt><dd> rd.md=0 </dd><dt><span class="term"> rd_MD_UUID </span></dt><dd> rd.md.uuid </dd><dt><span class="term"> rd_NFS_DOMAIN </span></dt><dd> rd.nfs.domain </dd><dt><span class="term"> iscsi_initiator </span></dt><dd> rd.iscsi.initiator </dd><dt><span class="term"> iscsi_target_name </span></dt><dd> rd.iscsi.target.name </dd><dt><span class="term"> iscsi_target_ip </span></dt><dd> rd.iscsi.target.ip </dd><dt><span class="term"> iscsi_target_port </span></dt><dd> rd.iscsi.target.port </dd><dt><span class="term"> iscsi_target_group </span></dt><dd> rd.iscsi.target.group </dd><dt><span class="term"> iscsi_username </span></dt><dd> rd.iscsi.username </dd><dt><span class="term"> iscsi_password </span></dt><dd> rd.iscsi.password </dd><dt><span class="term"> iscsi_in_username </span></dt><dd> rd.iscsi.in.username </dd><dt><span class="term"> iscsi_in_password </span></dt><dd> rd.iscsi.in.password </dd><dt><span class="term"> iscsi_firmware </span></dt><dd> rd.iscsi.firmware=0 </dd><dt><span class="term"> rd_NO_PLYMOUTH </span></dt><dd> rd.plymouth=0 </dd><dt><span class="term"> rd_retry </span></dt><dd> rd.retry </dd><dt><span class="term"> rdshell </span></dt><dd> rd.shell </dd><dt><span class="term"> rd_NO_SPLASH </span></dt><dd> rd.splash </dd><dt><span class="term"> rdudevdebug </span></dt><dd> rd.udev.debug </dd><dt><span class="term"> rdudevinfo </span></dt><dd> rd.udev.info </dd><dt><span class="term"> rd_NO_ZFCPCONF </span></dt><dd> rd.zfcp.conf=0 </dd><dt><span class="term"> rd_ZFCP </span></dt><dd> rd.zfcp </dd><dt><span class="term"> rd_ZNET </span></dt><dd> rd.znet </dd><dt><span class="term"> KEYMAP </span></dt><dd> vconsole.keymap </dd><dt><span class="term"> KEYTABLE </span></dt><dd> vconsole.keymap </dd><dt><span class="term"> SYSFONT </span></dt><dd> vconsole.font </dd><dt><span class="term"> CONTRANS </span></dt><dd> vconsole.font.map </dd><dt><span class="term"> UNIMAP </span></dt><dd> vconsole.font.unimap </dd><dt><span class="term"> UNICODE </span></dt><dd> vconsole.unicode </dd><dt><span class="term"> EXT_KEYMAP </span></dt><dd> vconsole.keymap.ext </dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_configuration_in_the_initramfs_2"></a>Configuration in the Initramfs</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/conf.d/</em></span> </span></dt><dd> Any files found in <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/conf.d/</em></span> will be sourced in the initramfs to set initial values. Command line options will override these values set in the configuration files. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/cmdline</em></span> </span></dt><dd> Can contain additional command line options. Deprecated, better use /etc/cmdline.d/*.conf. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/cmdline.d/*.conf</em></span> </span></dt><dd> Can contain additional command line options. </dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_author_2"></a>AUTHOR</h2></div></div></div><p>Harald Hoyer</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_see_also_3"></a>SEE ALSO</h2></div></div></div><p><span class="strong"><strong>dracut</strong></span>(8) <span class="strong"><strong>dracut.conf</strong></span>(5)</p></div></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="lsinitrd1"></a>Chapter 9. LSINITRD(1)</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_4">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_synopsis_3">SYNOPSIS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_4">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_options_2">OPTIONS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_availability_2">AVAILABILITY</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_authors_2">AUTHORS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_4">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_name_4"></a>NAME</h2></div></div></div><p>lsinitrd - tool to show the contents of an initramfs image</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_synopsis_3"></a>SYNOPSIS</h2></div></div></div><p><span class="strong"><strong>lsinitrd</strong></span> [<span class="emphasis"><em>OPTION…</em></span>] [<image> [<filename> [<filename> […] ]]]</p><p><span class="strong"><strong>lsinitrd</strong></span> [<span class="emphasis"><em>OPTION…</em></span>] -k <kernel version></p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_description_4"></a>DESCRIPTION</h2></div></div></div><p>lsinitrd shows the contents of an initramfs image. if <image> is omitted, then lsinitrd uses the default image <span class="emphasis"><em>/efi/<machine-id>/<kernel-version>/initrd</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>/boot/<machine-id>/<kernel-version>/initrd</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>/boot/efi/<machine-id>/<kernel-version>/initrd</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>/lib/modules/<kernel-version>/initrd</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>/boot/initramfs-<kernel-version>.img</em></span>.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_options_2"></a>OPTIONS</h2></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>-h, --help</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> print a help message and exit. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>-s, --size</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> sort the contents of the initramfs by size. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>-f, --file</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><filename></em></span> </span></dt><dd> print the contents of <filename>. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>-k, --kver</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em><kernel version></em></span> </span></dt><dd> inspect the initramfs of <kernel version>. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>-m, --mod</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> list dracut modules included of the initramfs image. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--unpack</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> unpack the initramfs to the current directory, instead of displaying the contents. If optional filenames are given, will only unpack specified files, else the whole image will be unpacked. Won’t unpack anything from early cpio part. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>--unpackearly</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> unpack the early microcode initramfs to the current directory, instead of displaying the contents. Same as --unpack, but only unpack files from early cpio part. </dd><dt><span class="term"> <span class="strong"><strong>-v, --verbose</strong></span> </span></dt><dd> unpack verbosely </dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_availability_2"></a>AVAILABILITY</h2></div></div></div><p>The lsinitrd command is part of the dracut package and is available from <a class="ulink" href="https://dracut.wiki.kernel.org" target="_top">https://dracut.wiki.kernel.org</a></p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_authors_2"></a>AUTHORS</h2></div></div></div><p>Harald Hoyer</p><p>Amerigo Wang</p><p>Nikoli</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_see_also_4"></a>SEE ALSO</h2></div></div></div><p><span class="strong"><strong>dracut</strong></span>(8)</p></div></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="_developer_manual"></a>Chapter 10. Developer Manual</h2></div></div></div></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="dracutmodules7"></a>Chapter 11. DRACUT.MODULES(7)</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_5">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_5">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#stages">Boot Process Stages</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_cmdline">Hook: cmdline</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_pre_udev">Hook: pre-udev</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_start_udev">Start Udev</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_pre_trigger">Hook: pre-trigger</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_trigger_udev">Trigger Udev</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_main_loop">Main Loop</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_pre_mount">Hook: pre-mount</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_mount">Hook: mount</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_pre_pivot">Hook: pre-pivot</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_hook_cleanup">Hook: cleanup</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_cleanup_and_switch_root">Cleanup and switch_root</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_network_infrastructure">Network Infrastructure</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_writing_a_module">Writing a Module</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_module_setup_sh_check">module-setup.sh: check()</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_module_setup_sh_depends">module-setup.sh: depends()</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_module_setup_sh_cmdline">module-setup.sh: cmdline()</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_module_setup_sh_install">module-setup.sh: install()</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_module_setup_sh_installkernel">module-setup.sh: installkernel()</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_anchor_id_creation_xreflabel_creation_creation_functions">Creation Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_initramfs_functions">Initramfs Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_network_modules">Network Modules</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_author_3">AUTHOR</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_5">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_name_5"></a>NAME</h2></div></div></div><p>dracut.modules - dracut modules</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_description_5"></a>DESCRIPTION</h2></div></div></div><p>dracut uses a modular system to build and extend the initramfs image. All modules are located in <span class="emphasis"><em>/usr/lib/dracut/modules.d</em></span> or in <span class="emphasis"><em><git-src>/modules.d</em></span>. The most basic dracut module is <span class="emphasis"><em>99base</em></span>. In <span class="emphasis"><em>99base</em></span> the initial shell script init is defined, which gets run by the kernel after initramfs loading. Although you can replace init with your own version of <span class="emphasis"><em>99base</em></span>, this is not encouraged. Instead you should use, if possible, the hooks of dracut. All hooks, and the point of time in which they are executed, are described in <a class="xref" href="#stages" title="Boot Process Stages">the section called “Boot Process Stages”</a>.</p><p>The main script, which creates the initramfs is dracut itself. It parses all arguments and sets up the directory, in which everything is installed. It then executes all check, install, installkernel scripts found in the modules, which are to be processed. After everything is installed, the install directory is archived and compressed to the final initramfs image. All helper functions used by check, install and installkernel are found in in the file <span class="emphasis"><em>dracut-functions</em></span>. These shell functions are available to all module installer (install, installkernel) scripts, without the need to source <span class="emphasis"><em>dracut-functions</em></span>.</p><p>A module can check the preconditions for install and installkernel with the check script. Also dependencies can be expressed with check. If a module passed check, install and installkernel will be called to install all of the necessary files for the module. To split between kernel and non-kernel parts of the installation, all kernel module related parts have to be in installkernel. All other files found in a module directory are module specific and mostly are hook scripts and udev rules.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="stages"></a>Boot Process Stages</h2></div></div></div><p>dracut modules can insert custom script at various points, to control the boot process. These hooks are plain directories containing shell scripts ending with ".sh", which are sourced by init. Common used functions are in <span class="emphasis"><em>dracut-lib.sh</em></span>, which can be sourced by any script.</p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_hook_cmdline"></a>Hook: cmdline</h3></div></div></div><p>The <span class="emphasis"><em>cmdline</em></span> hook is a place to insert scripts to parse the kernel command line and prepare the later actions, like setting up udev rules and configuration files.</p><p>In this hook the most important environment variable is defined: root. The second one is rootok, which indicates, that a module claimed to be able to parse the root defined. So for example, <span class="strong"><strong>root=</strong></span><span class="emphasis"><em>iscsi:….</em></span> will be claimed by the iscsi dracut module, which then sets rootok.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_hook_pre_udev"></a>Hook: pre-udev</h3></div></div></div><p>This hook is executed right after the cmdline hook and a check if root and rootok were set. Here modules can take action with the final root, and before udev has been run.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_start_udev"></a>Start Udev</h3></div></div></div><p>Now udev is started and the logging for udev is setup.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_hook_pre_trigger"></a>Hook: pre-trigger</h3></div></div></div><p>In this hook, you can set udev environment variables with <span class="strong"><strong>udevadm control --property=KEY=<span class="emphasis"><em>value</em></span></strong></span> or control the further execution of udev with udevadm.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_trigger_udev"></a>Trigger Udev</h3></div></div></div><p>udev is triggered by calling udevadm trigger, which sends add events for all devices and subsystems.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_main_loop"></a>Main Loop</h3></div></div></div><p>In the main loop of dracut loops until udev has settled and all scripts in <span class="emphasis"><em>initqueue/finished</em></span> returned true. In this loop there are three hooks, where scripts can be inserted by calling /sbin/initqueue.</p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_initqueue"></a>Initqueue</h4></div></div></div><p>This hook gets executed every time a script is inserted here, regardless of the udev state.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_initqueue_settled"></a>Initqueue settled</h4></div></div></div><p>This hook (initqueue/settled) gets executed every time udev has settled.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_initqueue_timeout"></a>Initqueue timeout</h4></div></div></div><p>This hook (initqueue/timeout) gets executed, when the main loop counter becomes half of the rd.retry counter.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_initqueue_online"></a>Initqueue online</h4></div></div></div><p>This hook (initqueue/online) gets executed whenever a network interface comes online (that is, once it is up and configured by the configured network module).</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_initqueue_finished"></a>Initqueue finished</h4></div></div></div><p>This hook (initqueue/finished) is called after udev has settled and if all scripts herein return 0 the main loop will be ended. Arbitrary scripts can be added here, to loop in the initqueue until something happens, which a dracut module wants to wait for.</p></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_hook_pre_mount"></a>Hook: pre-mount</h3></div></div></div><p>Before the root device is mounted all scripts in the hook pre-mount are executed. In some cases (e.g. NFS) the real root device is already mounted, though.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_hook_mount"></a>Hook: mount</h3></div></div></div><p>This hook is mainly to mount the real root device.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_hook_pre_pivot"></a>Hook: pre-pivot</h3></div></div></div><p>This hook is called before cleanup hook, This is a good place for actions other than cleanups which need to be called before pivot.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_hook_cleanup"></a>Hook: cleanup</h3></div></div></div><p>This hook is the last hook and is called before init finally switches root to the real root device. This is a good place to clean up and kill processes not needed anymore.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_cleanup_and_switch_root"></a>Cleanup and switch_root</h3></div></div></div><p>Init (or systemd) kills all udev processes, cleans up the environment, sets up the arguments for the real init process and finally calls switch_root. switch_root removes the whole filesystem hierarchy of the initramfs, chroot()s to the real root device and calls /sbin/init with the specified arguments.</p><p>To ensure all files in the initramfs hierarchy can be removed, all processes still running from the initramfs should not have any open file descriptors left.</p></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_network_infrastructure"></a>Network Infrastructure</h2></div></div></div><p>FIXME</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_writing_a_module"></a>Writing a Module</h2></div></div></div><p>A simple example module is <span class="emphasis"><em>90kernel-modules</em></span>, which modprobes a kernel module after udev has settled and the basic device drivers have been loaded.</p><p>All module installation information is in the file module-setup.sh.</p><p>First we create a check() function, which just exits with 0 indicating that this module should be included by default.</p><p>check():</p><pre class="screen">return 0</pre><p>Then we create the install() function, which installs a cmdline hook with priority number 20 called <span class="emphasis"><em>parse-insmodpost.sh</em></span>. It also installs the <span class="emphasis"><em>insmodpost.sh</em></span> script in <span class="emphasis"><em>/sbin</em></span>.</p><p>install():</p><pre class="screen">inst_hook cmdline 20 "$moddir/parse-insmodpost.sh" inst_simple "$moddir/insmodpost.sh" /sbin/insmodpost.sh</pre><p>The <span class="emphasis"><em>parse-instmodpost.sh</em></span> parses the kernel command line for a argument rd.driver.post, blacklists the module from being autoloaded and installs the hook <span class="emphasis"><em>insmodpost.sh</em></span> in the <span class="emphasis"><em>initqueue/settled</em></span>.</p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>parse-insmodpost.sh</em></span>:</p><pre class="screen">for p in $(getargs rd.driver.post=); do echo "blacklist $p" >> /etc/modprobe.d/initramfsblacklist.conf _do_insmodpost=1 done [ -n "$_do_insmodpost" ] && /sbin/initqueue --settled --unique --onetime /sbin/insmodpost.sh unset _do_insmodpost</pre><p><span class="emphasis"><em>insmodpost.sh</em></span>, which is called in the <span class="emphasis"><em>initqueue/settled</em></span> hook will just modprobe the kernel modules specified in all rd.driver.post kernel command line parameters. It runs after udev has settled and is only called once (--onetime).</p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>insmodpost.sh</em></span>:</p><pre class="screen">. /lib/dracut-lib.sh for p in $(getargs rd.driver.post=); do modprobe $p done</pre><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_module_setup_sh_check"></a>module-setup.sh: check()</h3></div></div></div><p><span class="emphasis"><em>check()</em></span> is called by dracut to evaluate the inclusion of a dracut module in the initramfs.</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> $hostonly </span></dt><dd> If the $hostonly variable is set, then the module check() function should be in "hostonly" mode, which means, that the check() should only return 0, if the module is really needed to boot this specific host. </dd></dl></div><p>check() should return with:</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> 0 </span></dt><dd> Include the dracut module in the initramfs. </dd><dt><span class="term"> 1 </span></dt><dd> Do not include the dracut module. The requirements are not fulfilled (missing tools, etc.) </dd><dt><span class="term"> 255 </span></dt><dd> Only include the dracut module, if another module requires it or if explicitly specified in the config file or on the argument list. </dd></dl></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_module_setup_sh_depends"></a>module-setup.sh: depends()</h3></div></div></div><p>The function depends() should echo all other dracut module names the module depends on.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_module_setup_sh_cmdline"></a>module-setup.sh: cmdline()</h3></div></div></div><p>This function should print the kernel command line options needed to boot the current machine setup. It should start with a space and should not print a newline.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_module_setup_sh_install"></a>module-setup.sh: install()</h3></div></div></div><p>The install() function is called to install everything non-kernel related. To install binaries, scripts, and other files, you can use the functions mentioned in <a class="xref" href="#creation">[creation]</a>.</p><p>To address a file in the current module directory, use the variable "$moddir".</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_module_setup_sh_installkernel"></a>module-setup.sh: installkernel()</h3></div></div></div><p>In installkernel() all kernel related files should be installed. You can use all of the functions mentioned in <a class="xref" href="#creation">[creation]</a> to install files.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_anchor_id_creation_xreflabel_creation_creation_functions"></a><a id="creation"></a>Creation Functions</h3></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_inst_multiple_o_lt_file_gt_lt_file_gt_8230"></a>inst_multiple [-o] <file> [ <file> …]</h4></div></div></div><p>installs multiple binaries and files. If executables are specified without a path, dracut will search the path PATH=/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/bin for the binary. If the option "-o" is given as the first parameter, a missing file does not lead to an error.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_inst_lt_src_gt_lt_dst_gt"></a>inst <src> [<dst>]</h4></div></div></div><p>installs <span class="emphasis"><em>one</em></span> file <src> either to the same place in the initramfs or to an optional <dst>. inst with more than two arguments is treated the same as inst_multiple, all arguments are treated as files to install and none as install destinations.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_inst_hook_lt_hookdir_gt_lt_prio_gt_lt_src_gt"></a>inst_hook <hookdir> <prio> <src></h4></div></div></div><p>installs an executable/script <src> in the dracut hook <hookdir> with priority <prio>.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_inst_rules_lt_udevrule_gt_lt_udevrule_gt_8230"></a>inst_rules <udevrule> [ <udevrule> …]</h4></div></div></div><p>installs one or more udev rules. Non-existant udev rules are reported, but do not let dracut fail.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_instmods_lt_kernelmodule_gt_lt_kernelmodule_gt_8230"></a>instmods <kernelmodule> [ <kernelmodule> … ]</h4></div></div></div><p>instmods should be used only in the installkernel() function.</p><p>instmods installs one or more kernel modules in the initramfs. <kernelmodule> can also be a whole subsystem, if prefixed with a "=", like "=drivers/net/team".</p><p>instmods will not install the kernel module, if $hostonly is set and the kernel module is not currently needed by any /sys/<span class="strong"><strong>…</strong></span>/uevent MODALIAS. To install a kernel module regardless of the hostonly mode use the form:</p><pre class="screen">hostonly='' instmods <kernelmodule></pre></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_initramfs_functions"></a>Initramfs Functions</h3></div></div></div><p>FIXME</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_network_modules"></a>Network Modules</h3></div></div></div><p>FIXME</p></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_author_3"></a>AUTHOR</h2></div></div></div><p>Harald Hoyer</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_see_also_5"></a>SEE ALSO</h2></div></div></div><p><span class="strong"><strong>dracut</strong></span>(8)</p></div></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="dracutbootup7"></a>Chapter 12. DRACUT.BOOTUP(7)</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_name_6">NAME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_description_6">DESCRIPTION</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_author_4">AUTHOR</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#_see_also_6">SEE ALSO</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_name_6"></a>NAME</h2></div></div></div><p>dracut.bootup - boot ordering in the initramfs</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_description_6"></a>DESCRIPTION</h2></div></div></div><p>This flow chart illustrates the ordering of the services, if systemd is used in the dracut initramfs.</p><pre class="screen"> systemd-journal.socket | v dracut-cmdline.service | v dracut-pre-udev.service | v systemd-udevd.service | v local-fs-pre.target dracut-pre-trigger.service | | v v (various mounts) (various swap systemd-udev-trigger.service | devices...) | (various low-level (various low-level | | | services: seed, API VFS mounts: v v v tmpfiles, random mqueue, configfs, local-fs.target swap.target dracut-initqueue.service sysctl, ...) debugfs, ...) | | | | | \_______________|____________________ | ___________________|____________________/ \|/ v sysinit.target | _________________/|\___________________ / | \ | | | v | v (various | rescue.service sockets...) | | | | v v | rescue.target sockets.target | | | \_________________ | emergency.service \| | v v basic.target emergency.target | ______________________/| / | | v | dracut-pre-mount.service | | | v | sysroot.mount | | | v | initrd-root-fs.target (custom initrd services) | | v | dracut-mount.service | | | v | initrd-parse-etc.service | | | v | (sysroot-usr.mount and | various mounts marked | with fstab option | x-initrd.mount) | | | v | initrd-fs.target \______________________ | \| v initrd.target | v dracut-pre-pivot.service | v initrd-cleanup.service isolates to initrd-switch-root.target | v ______________________/| / | | initrd-udevadm-cleanup-db.service | | (custom initrd services) | | | \______________________ | \| v initrd-switch-root.target | v initrd-switch-root.service | v switch-root</pre></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_author_4"></a>AUTHOR</h2></div></div></div><p>Harald Hoyer</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="_see_also_6"></a>SEE ALSO</h2></div></div></div><p><span class="strong"><strong>dracut</strong></span>(8) <span class="strong"><strong>bootup</strong></span>(7)</p></div></div><div class="appendix"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="_license"></a>Appendix A. License</h2></div></div></div><p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. To view a copy of this license, visit <a class="ulink" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" target="_top">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/</a> or send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA.</p></div></div></div></body></html>PK ["\Ns�� �� NEWS.mdnu �[��� [Rendered view](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/blob/master/NEWS.md) dracut-057 ========== #### Bug Fixes * **10i18n:** * stop leaking shell options ([f3441cc7](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/f3441cc7c577554dde04a9fe90638f779bb0a411)) * stop leaking shell options ([35064768](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/35064768ebf14d3ec6bf3f7df52580fb4920ea3d)) * **Makefile:** use of potentially unset variable ([1354d633](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/1354d6339a2e603fe0787bc028f9e7e1d49cbf82)) * **bluetooth:** * accept compressed firmwares in inst_multiple ([09a1e5af](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/09a1e5afd2eaa7f8e9f3beaf8a48283357e7fea0)) * nullglob should not be needed ([36aaa74f](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/36aaa74f3641d375cb435298864fad1945444893)) * make $dbussystem/bluetooth.conf optional ([a38d9ec0](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/a38d9ec0320f3819a3b70dc5bb59f6d2fc570149)) * **configure:** check for SYS-gettid during configure ([0ef40d88](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/0ef40d88124fe67726b8b5d8321dce064c727447)) * **connman:** copy netroot.sh from the network module and install it ([f6d83f9f](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/f6d83f9f5cd4850468f26048f8eed015dc2bd0e0)) * **crypt:** add missing is_keysource parameter to cryptroot-ask ([6c11a8fc](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/6c11a8fcee08c297a34bd5c5215a7a29d3529b85)) * **dmsquash-live:** * mount live device with the correct type ([08ed7b2d](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/08ed7b2d0035eaa699c139bc9719f90190f6ffc1)) * permanent overlay on the same drive as LiveCD .iso ([9a884b3a](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/9a884b3afce1ebc8c6a6e5f62594ce708486a826)) * **dracut:** default to correct firmware search paths ([95aeed89](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/95aeed8975dd5a2af782ec986f2af6176b585c59)) * **dracut-functions.sh:** correct wrong comment ([0afa840e](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/0afa840e111e63da14edcb655886734b45d61c4b)) * **dracut-initramfs-restore.sh:** * unpack uncompressed initrd as last option ([46886956](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/46886956211f8a436e2e9f81fc4972d2a297c3a3)) * check if SELINUXTYPE is set ([24d8f35b](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/24d8f35b9c162f42c58abd27fe9c75bbf76cbfe7)) * **dracut-install:** * copy files preserving ownership attributes ([9ef73b6a](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/9ef73b6ad08c19c3906564e5a15c7908ed9a81c8)) * do not fail when SOURCE is optional and missing ([bd1a5ca9](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/bd1a5ca9ae9e347061e67e51be29335ab074ad95)) * **dracut-systemd:** * drop misleading man page reference ([77c28b30](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/77c28b3020b7dede848d8282151f609d80905b05)) * correct service dependencies ([85fdff12](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/85fdff1212e708d335f035926f3c2a6b87bb1c3c)) * **dracut.cmdline.7:** {=> must} also be specified ([27071e9a](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/27071e9a0e7928bccc45469eb659cdafb20f134b)) * **dracut.sh:** * format usage and add missing options ([9bef7109](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/9bef71094eba84a9eac161fc45386ccd73bd2b34)) * always check that MACHINE_ID is not empty ([527fdfa1](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/527fdfa1517b7f010afa049fe6add71e4c916cdd)) * avoid calling dfatal before dracut-logger is sourced ([012d7db2](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/012d7db27da7416471ed49ee2ca666ab95837f47)) * add missing default output file paths ([28ef3bc6](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/28ef3bc6a6f1efcd8d8c16228a6dee9d563342e7)) * add missing --libdirs usage ([352e5917](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/352e59173152f13b242c598a735243f0f2850ff1)) * drop restorecon call ([33859892](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/3385989266ddb1c0685f9f7501f1835e9ce49730)) * error exporting sysctl variables ([4c355d05](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/4c355d05587b0432a6dc551b8693dbdc51a07962)) * **dracut.spec:** add connman module ([d0c6ab21](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/d0c6ab21d906cc5b0e05e1107c48baffcbedb02c)) * **fedora.conf:** vi binary is missing ([48541362](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/485413627f04fdc0c5c29958ce437718b262a99c)) * **github:** remove packit ([8fd37d20](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/8fd37d20f4b7cc08ee0970e0249aac4cd5b47a4e)) * **ifcfg:** avoid calling unavailable dracut-logger functions ([7103c4bc](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/7103c4bce9240d5896a0d207c216e0f6270ad2e8)) * **install:** restore musl support ([ce55a85e](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/ce55a85ed5d902c19d75895508856f96ec2ceb1a)) * **integrity:** do not display any error if there is no IMA certificate ([f63f411d](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/f63f411d52df613936082d646ab072447b8b9d7f)) * **iscsi:** * do not exit in handle_netroot() if discovery failed ([319dc7fe](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/319dc7fe10585a19d1a051f8ad1ba0190f86ff1f)) * remove unneeded iscsi NOP-disable code ([a33a8df4](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/a33a8df43d33c9bdf85d7a5b7392585129a690f5)) * **kernel-network-modules:** allow specifying empty --hostonly-nics ([ab6f5733](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/ab6f57339ad77b5bc116400f7b66580745bfc563)) * **lsinitrd.sh:** * always check that MACHINE_ID is not empty ([d6343146](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/d6343146c1db69fc724ca666a5d9321af7fd0d46)) * add missing default paths ([49ea6c42](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/49ea6c42db7180eec5ba57e082a38d116f2d17a5)) * **lvm:** * add missing grep requirement ([79f9d9e1](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/79f9d9e1c29a9c8fc046ab20765e5bde2aaa3428)) * ignore expected error message from lvm config ([7e03d81f](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/7e03d81fe3df932558d2b7280fa57da24ba955c0)) * **man:** * add missing default paths ([ffc1985c](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/ffc1985cb26894c50487b7db2703e8715a4a7537)) * add missing --libdirs section ([a90dbd95](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/a90dbd958b19778044047f17559449fffdb94cc2)) * **network-manager:** avoid calling unavailable dracut-logger functions ([b7059aef](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/b7059aef5962aad1dc8d96a0f600105a40867380)) * **nfs:** * give /run/rpcbind ownership to rpc user ([d6159343](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/d615934311e25146bb37943bf1385a19dfdbd9e8)) * require and install needed binaries ([0e4df7a3](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/0e4df7a39dda388dc71ff6f749c8197cba4442b9)) * **nvmf:** * deprecate old nvmf cmdline options ([e405501e](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/e405501e23462d151bba252133f4a6179bf79cf0)) * set executable bit on nvmf-autoconnect.sh ([25a92885](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/25a92885a9519701cc480298c2b082e2e2bf5ebe)) * **plymouth:** hide dpkg-architecture stderr messages ([42e9d188](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/42e9d1889298c3d8badfb6f95e16e048ad83a1f6)) * **resume:** correct call to block_is_netdevice function ([a7a4b76c](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/a7a4b76c4ad5794f5f8a24ecd5b495f1512d05f7)) * **shell-completion:** add missing options ([1199f990](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/1199f990bb93b4e6bd56fa3df050b17fc7e6c378)) * **systemd-coredump:** add systemd-sysusers dependency ([ce82e969](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/ce82e969f8faaccbb57be178833ef4e39f01cdf9)) * **systemd-journald:** remove duplicate entry in inst_multiple ([d3ab2061](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/d3ab20615ef94370e43b042d913d5f787dd52430)) * **systemd-timesyncd:** add systemd-sysusers dependency ([28b6adcb](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/28b6adcb27fb5240c01f7d41511ce02597aa27bd)) * **test:** * dmsquash-live test without an iso ([6ee2baf3](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/6ee2baf314fc6aa3bb88ca52d11c9f599223eb77)) * remove stale comments ([b3ab3037](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/b3ab3037e8b9272498ed40131f30bf1831acab73)) * add support for dpkg to pass the test on debian ([a7dfdf6a](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/a7dfdf6acbf7a87fd2735541f06a062126966f69)) * nullglob should not be needed ([c7b3ac2b](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/c7b3ac2bd115521855b3ad8ce287cb1a9afca128)) * **udev-rules:** add cdrom udev rules by default ([aebeb2ec](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/aebeb2ecdf76b7716fadbab8b216b8805d36a461)) #### Features * add aarch64 uefi support ([8391a993](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/8391a993033e212a24635dd629c167354f0834f8)) * **connman:** introduce connman support module ([f30d0351](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/f30d03513f357a36d2ed48a522c7ef2a46bb0c5c)) * **dracut:** * support parallel execution with --parallel ([6d923262](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/6d92326201014cde9ab04b90367017f875d3b991)) * add zfs detection ([9582f027](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/9582f02773c5115e14fe0992ec2db3935cb0e6eb)) * **dracut-install:** support ZSTD-compressed firmware with .zst suffix ([9d8387ed](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/ 9d8387ed803dfc3e8b97d2e415a15083774d7ac6)) * **dracut-systemd:** use Documentation= to point to man page ([42e8f17c](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/ 42e8f17c2481d33a3d6ba23f653c835e0cda6994)) * **gensplash:** remove module ([1befc641](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/1befc6416743a527824f0f2cc25471e86a6f8a79)) * **lvm:** add new module lvmthinpool-monitor ([d9812fc4](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/d9812fc4ae18a39c144140dd60cb03e16e0d2e06)) * **man:** add documentation for rd.luks.key.tout ([65e41b54](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/65e41b54600878e3e08bbe3b60f66524e1d166a8)) * **squash:** * add shell completion for --squash-compressor option ([e2aee2d4](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/e2aee2d436cf68c4515a381d620a963ff18dcf05)) * update the manual page for --squash-compressor ([3693bfef](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/3693bfef2fc252f5a4b18278c87a1076896b7fb5)) * decouple the compressor for dracut and dracut-squash ([90d9ae8c](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/90d9ae8ca814c26045ecea63fa15bd8959076d0d)) * **url-lib.sh:** add --retry-connrefused to default curl arguments ([90032a46](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/ 90032a463190ab68f20f493894f667320466082d)) * **virtiofs:** virtiofs root filesystem support ([4632f799](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/4632f799954c18eb8f655efe05b1e6ce30246828)) #### Contributors - Antonio Alvarez Feijoo <antonio.feijoo@suse.com> - Laszlo Gombos <laszlo.gombos@gmail.com> - Pavel Valena <pvalena@redhat.com> - David Tardon <dtardon@redhat.com> - Tao Liu <ltao@redhat.com> - наб <nabijaczleweli@nabijaczleweli.xyz> - German Maglione <gmaglione@redhat.com> - Jóhann B. Guðmundsson <johannbg@gmail.com> - Nicolas Porcel <nicolasporcel06@gmail.com> - Zoltán Böszörményi <zboszor@gmail.com> - nkraetzschmar <nkraetzschmar@users.noreply.github.com> - Benjamin Gilbert <bgilbert@redhat.com> - Coiby Xu <coxu@redhat.com> - Conrad Hoffmann <ch@bitfehler.net> - David Teigland <teigland@redhat.com> - James Morris <morisja@gmail.com> - Lee Duncan <lduncan@suse.com> - Martin Wilck <mwilck@suse.de> - Masahiro Matsuya <mmatsuya@redhat.com> - Michal Hecko <mhecko@redhat.com> - Morten Linderud <morten@linderud.pw> - Savyasachee Jha <genghizkhan91@hawkradius.com> - Shreenidhi Shedi <sshedi@vmware.com> - Wenchao Hao <haowenchao@huawei.com> dracut-056 ========== #### Bug Fixes * **base:** * do not change the provided UUID ([4e858741](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/4e858741087a5cfea891bd2c1fd51ea9b830aeaf)) * add default device choice ([e8c18c9f](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/e8c18c9f7f5ed94898f70e9ff5a5f94a815a2b49)) * tr needs to be installed ([dfbfd33b](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/dfbfd33b24524c0c10ad3594be143192f5b7da84)) * do not quote $initargs for switch_root ([f649cd10](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/f649cd10b2e920e9d65c532db9b9f89a7370ad99)) * repair installing dracut-util ([d7acf107](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/d7acf107f2ac619f73dfa29588ea9adfaf79e296)) * **bluetooth:** * make hostonly configuration files optional ([d03fb675](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/d03fb675d8e904c6c44de9b91814b33c45043f4f)) * dbus configuration path fixes ([34b1dd2e](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/34b1dd2e26c343e9000094db01a7985b6851adf1)) * **cms:** reload NetworkManager connections ([07977ee5](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/07977ee5c5294a5d30c1f33f292a0b31303750fb)) * **cpio:** * correct dev_t -> rmajor/rminor mapping ([acc629ab](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/acc629abb0d7a26f692f99e5a9cf8c8401bc6a86)) * write zeros instead of seek for padding and alignment ([0af11c5e](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/0af11c5ea5018a3e1049a2207a9a671049651876)) * **crypt:** remove quotes from cryptsetupopts ([e0abf88a](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/e0abf88a15d23fbf793cf872397016ad86aeaaa8), closes [#1528](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/issues/1528)) * **crypt-gpg:** * tr needs to be installed ([a93fbc4a](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/a93fbc4ae00d8c6ecda67319a6425f7966609bbe)) * execute --card-status on each try ([66100936](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/6610093698db25fda1d584b9771da1e2c2330095)) * **dasd_rules:** * correct udev dasd rules parsing ([5de6e4d5](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/5de6e4d56e5206cb47f645ad1cb6d39794048c68)) * remove collect based udev rule creators ([ebafbd82](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/ebafbd824175e201ae9476576588a896c6b7d7eb)) * **dmsquash-live:** * option to use overlayfs on a block device root ([813577e2](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/813577e2ba034b448d2cf2d2857b2d20d56c0259)) * do not install systemd files when systemd is not enabled ([bf8738d3](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/bf8738d31ca53ad6410c46c1f9b2a4a12273b9a3)) * iso-scan requires rmdir ([e19e3890](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/e19e38904c054664473207d2d6ef3c53bd938867)) * correct regression introduced with shellcheck changes ([0c631efb](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/0c631efb10bf4ce18ec8640277bd94712950298a)) * **dmsquash-live-ntfs:** fuse3 no longer requires ulockmgr_server ([75ad2699](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/75ad269931eccd266a5d60ba4000d93655143e00)) * **dracut:** be more robust when using 'set -u' ([22a80629](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/22a80629b4bbcef02eb8fe3611ea44e253ef4c61)) * **dracut-functions.sh:** * ip route parsing ([d754e1c6](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/d754e1c6f081a6501cb7fdcb5caaa6c4977235af)) * get block device driver if in a virtual subsystem ([dc3b976f](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/dc3b976f3393d7a3fb75b349418fc8ee2c9142bd)) * **dracut-init:** unbreak a comment ([bc4f196f](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/bc4f196f9825029eaef7ccf525ec57f5229b2793)) * **dracut-initramfs-restore.sh:** * add missing compression options ([e86397de](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/e86397de24f4efa6d36e2bb5ae84b7d9ec69b72d)) * add missing default paths ([3d8e1ad2](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/3d8e1ad2ae1e34244ddf700beea6358c1452e05c), closes [#1628](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/issues/1628)) * **dracut-install:** tweaks to get_real_file() ([1beeaf3b](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/1beeaf3b71aed763d5fc7a9ee044d675f8906e8c)) * **dracut-shutdown:** add cleanup handler on failure ([7ab1d002](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/7ab1d00227cad6f1b86ba01fdc766769faebb031)) * **dracut-systemd:** do not use Requires for vconsole-setup.service ([a7f5429c](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/a7f5429cb81f7ffdf9bd5684af8d36725170b756)) * **dracut.sh:** * do not ignore invalid config file or dir path ([7de9ffc0](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/7de9ffc0574790ecbad74b5a000ecd022d7736d4)) * check kernel zstd support early ([475497b1](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/475497b1bd12c006c782541124b6427cb7ef4cb7)) * check availability of configured compression ([bdac657b](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/bdac657bf65615438942a872491a818750735014)) * inform user about auto-selected compression method ([06d47ded](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/06d47ded679231e1370cc655c1df408fc865baac)) * drop pointless check for module compression method ([586d3e76](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/586d3e7664c00bf144becfa69dde2dbab8711d51)) * change misspelled variable name ([acfd97a9](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/acfd97a94385c33cd6cef4e5a37f233ea4081288)) * remove wrong $ in loop sequence ([f1245b5b](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/f1245b5bc13a98ef0dcc679dcef6148214e09503)) * handle symlinks appropriately while using '-i' option ([c7fbc0c8](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/c7fbc0c8901917baf0d1f0822568e65c6ec00d18)) * handle '-i' option to include files beginning with '.' ([f1138012](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/f1138012c9dc44e6614466c0a8e929fc55e4a5dd)) * **drm:** add privacy screen modules to the initrd ([14d97a6a](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/14d97a6a28c6172340c47c89374358aaf4e2629d)) * **fedora.conf.example:** rename misspelled variable ([9371dcab](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/9371dcaba3c58377428eee44bd702fae7b2ab20e)) * **fido2:** add a missing library ([4753738b](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/4753738b62d958955f50fb077ea21c56a8d23dc3)) * **fips:** * missing sourcing of dracut-lib ([857b17f0](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/857b17f090bdf575292f0bd6f5e8e3d753f6b426)) * add and remove local variables ([e8121bfd](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/e8121bfddda34e20db889a74d4ac6259ed182aea)) * wrong error message ([7f10c483](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/7f10c483b6abcc8be42cf246bbdade264be68228)) * handle s390x OSTree systems ([78557f05](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/78557f05a69fe718a97df85d2ed741ce10d3f806)) * **fips.sh:** repsect rd.fips.skipkernel ([5789abcb](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/5789abcbe05f30d556086590b786c4857d025d9d)) * **img-lib:** install rmdir ([51ce8893](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/51ce8893d981e90640123a7dcc3e4f3621e7d819)) * **install:** * segfault on popen error ([5c2f72f1](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/5c2f72f152ec319a8001d1ff0bfd1f81a9130b04)) * extend hwcaps library handling to libraries under glibc-hwcaps/ ([10ed204f](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/10ed204f873f454dcd15ffcc82dc3a1c781c1514)) * use size_t to avoid -Wsign-compare warning ([55468a2d](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/55468a2d40182de4cce5ba4ecd5dcd96be03bd4d)) * improve gettid definition ([ef0f848a](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/ef0f848a67fdd0a0dab135acbd1cd7fa0179a95c)) * validate return values log.c ([19537f89](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/19537f8943ac4106c6d4ab0e00a48a8c0a9a0519)) * rectify unused function args in log.c ([b5cf7ec7](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/b5cf7ec784335ec561e379f8e78f48019a344ac0)) * use wrapper for asprintf ([e2a61595](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/e2a61595d2c91202ff4ea69937064cd2c0d1f336)) * use unsigned int instead of unsigned ([74a41799](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/74a417994840f7a6119e2dee57f9a3bb4d84998b)) * reduce cppcheck warnings ([b0bf8187](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/b0bf8187d5cc51d5576d8d70a81677d7c9741b37)) * add a missing ret value assignment ([6a444261](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/6a44426162d5b1b7084b17f921799863d353f847)) * **integrity:** add support for loading multiple EVM x509 certs ([9da76af8](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/9da76af8e7f0f7a939b2ee44f0b4a5ce0bdd3b0b)) * **iscsi:** add support for the new iscsiadm "no-wait" (-W) command ([7374943a](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/7374943ae3d063f0142c969b132c4156030fda8b)) * **kernel-modules:** * add mailbox drivers for arm ([0e80ff72](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/0e80ff72e01d28e7e92d3adbf98ec40bdbdc37fe)) * detect block device's hardware driver ([c86f4d28](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/c86f4d286000d1e76fd405560b4114537e2cbbff)) * add blk_mq_alloc_disk and blk_cleanup_disk to blockfuncs ([b292ce72](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/b292ce7295f18192124e64e5ec31161d09492160)) * add more modules on RISC-V ([3cc9f1c1](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/3cc9f1c10c67dcdb5254e0eb69f19e9ab22abf20)) * add isp1760 USB controller ([15398458](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/15398458685d376fef56b1bf6fe09ae7c68324c1)) * add Type-C USB drivers for generic initrd ([a1287c62](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/a1287c627f28b16b1b066b7c256549b832bd98de)) * **kernel-modules-extra:** handle zstd module extension ([b3d2dcb7](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/b3d2dcb71e7af8f605f5f66041ed3c801333e5f1)) * **lvm:** * restore setting LVM_MD_PV_ACTIVATED ([164e5ebb](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/164e5ebb1199ea3e3d641ce402d8257f0055a529)) * replace --partial option ([97543cca](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/97543cca48dfde849396f11c83f9c320e1b91c46)) * **man:** default value of rd.retry was increased to 180 seconds ([4855242c](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/4855242ce5cb586afd2eebd91df57ce1d28ae6b5)) * **mdraid:** allow UUID comparison for more than one UUID ([d364ce83](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/d364ce8334fef96f48492bd0fb3b7deac37bbb66)) * **memstrack:** drop bash runtime requirement ([35822f39](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/35822f39970b369301e0ff54436d5714dd996896)) * **mksh:** requires printf ([f806a628](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/f806a628aa9aec548e425e81b6ea4ab6f5db26f6)) * **multipath:** * check if mpathconf is available ([4318533e](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/4318533e1493bfab622b64efc1b799426c812c26)) * drop ExecStop= setting from service unit ([9491e599](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/9491e599282d0d6bb12063eddbd192c0d2ce8acf)) * get config. dir from configuration ([2e3c5444](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/2e3c5444d271cb8f05955858b8fdc367c4ea5c48)) * **multipathd.service:** * drop dependencies on iscsi and iscsid ([6246da40](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/6246da400fa7f527a1ff1c620bf85ac9f6644508)) * adapt to upstream multipath-tools unit file ([a247d2bc](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/a247d2bc0d4c6d37a2ea4f3da98dd7902bb37385)) * remove dependency on systemd-udev-settle ([371b338a](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/371b338a5f19d40ff4c3216dc0f27f9a00cf4e22)) * **network:** * consistent use of "$gw" for gateway ([3f2c76bb](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/3f2c76bb1456941a28d3333569d2bf18f8624617)) * wrong test of wicked unit ([22e68307](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/22e683077a686b592da55e1d247b31f65c95d481)) * add errors and warnings when network interface does not exist ([79389352](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/7938935267dd8824f074adf84c219340ad4c8db6)) * **network-manager:** * skip non-directories in /sys/class/net ([d9c3c774](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/d9c3c77437d91d7d66369a3ef701ffc5e501346d)) * disable tty output if the console is not usable ([f6e6be24](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/f6e6be245d0cda14d90a0442b688c8dca1410a2e)) * show output on console only with rd.debug enabled ([e07b7ad0](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/e07b7ad0e7f5dbb8024336f3075610b3b74ffb2e)) * write DHCP filename option to dhcpopts file ([38320fce](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/38320fce56a8d83b79d6c970c491a454ba9de213)) * check for nm-initrd-generator in both /usr/{libexec,lib} ([5ee7e249](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/5ee7e249b8cc74461122ccd7efe954b3402c23da)) * ensure safe content of /tmp/dhclient."$ifname".dhcpopts ([e509c638](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/e509c638e68a8e3cae446d1a4f9f86e3aa6e7a99)) * include nm-daemon-helper binary ([0e590531](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/0e5905315e92dfc095f543fd73db6190db533217)) * don't pull in systemd-udev-settle ([a0f12fb6](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/a0f12fb6a09b09f35ab28753d7c4461c10a8b562)) * support teaming under NM+systemd ([a97d2ced](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/a97d2cedcf65a9a2fbff2591171f0163c7d3cb46)) * pull in network.target in nm-initrd.service ([a97d6e2b](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/a97d6e2b13146783831b166ec5e8b33b29c514b0)) * **network-wicked:** multiple path corrections ([d3b5bc17](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/d3b5bc17ebadfe8922d1144b3dfd5435d0ecc71a)) * **nvmf:** validate_ip_conn ([655c65e6](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/655c65e6ced00e7a80c41e96c5f6fe108da07839)) * **qeth_rules:** check the existence of /sys/devices/qeth/*/online beforehand ([6c71ba41](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/6c71ba4121ae64ccd13fefba68ca327ac623810f)) * **resume:** * resume using /usr/lib64/suspend ([c4593734](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/c459373448d24760d15e22fde7c6f811c7891376)) * check for presence of /sys/power/resume ([0b977906](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/0b97790626bff3579755b38f78a9c524a075cfcc)) * **rootfs-block:** make the base module dependency explicit ([3326e4c9](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/3326e4c957d0499495d9e91182fc574b960ace86)) * **s390_rules:** drop collect installation ([f905c3a7](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/f905c3a72c975cf6006f266755cc91229132c739)) * **shutdown:** be robust against forced shutdown ([b9ba3c8b](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/b9ba3c8bb8f0f1328cd1ffaa8dbf64585b28c474)) * **skipcpio:** * calculate and use CPIO_MAGIC_LEN ([3fb8723c](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/3fb8723ce0066b4ba92f6dbfc4373a66d1f551c4)) * improve error checking ([f6d16b6b](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/f6d16b6bbd5b8b7ac238c3d2148bebf4e91140a2)) * **squash:** * apply FIPS and libpthread workaround ([5ab18dee](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/5ab18dee996f0eeb2b0bfe354570e1b1af46d025)) * remove tailing '/' when installing ld.so.conf.d ([cbd85597](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/cbd85597e3ed6abf64ac17f431da5477eb5aefa0)) * keep ld cache under initdir ([dc21638c](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/dc21638c3f0acbb54417f3bfb6294ad5514bf2db)) * create relative symlinks ([a2b6be44](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/a2b6be44792b68218e3378a7d844b0f8527a4805)) * **systemd-sysusers:** * use split systemd sysuser configs ([fec93bb2](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/fec93bb22181f80056b40231fca36c422248ade0)) * override systemd-sysusers.service ([dcbe23c1](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/dcbe23c14d13ca335ad327b7bb985071ca442f12)) * **tpm2-tss:** * add a missing library ([c656b612](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/c656b612b101e4834e01f9841162e2629a7272f7)) * typo in depends() ([8b17105b](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/8b17105bed69ed90582a13d97d95ee19e6581365)) * **url-lib:** * SC2086: Double quote to prevent globbing and word splitting ([acb18869](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/acb18869e98687a3f8c172d7e7befaa5326cf67a)) * SC2046: Quote this to prevent word splitting ([ec50cec3](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/ec50cec3bd9169410df409e077d0487c63c2a627)) * improve ca-bundle detection ([e3bb1815](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/e3bb1815bbbff1a7e21b857d2ae32bc0410754d5)) * make pre-pivot hook separetely per nfs mount ([2f091b17](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/2f091b17075f81ff490b05d3d566d736fc32f0be)) * **usrmount:** do not empty _dev variable ([4afdcba2](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/4afdcba212793f136aea012b30dd7bdb5b641a5a)) * **zfcp_rules:** * correct udev zfcp rules parsing ([59252668](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/5925266832042f9d17a3fb7a219b83118c5b16d6)) * remove collect based udev rule creators ([d40c49a8](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/d40c49a8dfe203be33af8ace5f0efd07a88856f4)) #### Features * **Makefile:** cargo wrapper for dracut-cpio build ([51d21c6b](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/51d21c6b37b0eb8566d18d665d0197ca4d68101c)) * **cpio:** * add newc archive creation utility ([a9c67046](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/a9c67046431ccf5fd4f4c16c890695df388f0d38)) * add rust argument parsing library from crosvm ([94fc5026](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/94fc50262f5e6c28d92782dc231fbb6c61855954)) * **crypt:** * check if pkcs11 module is needed in hostonly mode ([56f4fb6c](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/56f4fb6cb755327c77c32f8c414a4a0e64fc933c)) * check if fido2 module is needed in hostonly mode ([d5fd030c](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/d5fd030cc285730e1a1b9e0e78a1e1dc4daabfe0)) * check if tpm2-tss module is needed in hostonly mode ([5d990a00](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/5d990a004b5ae6863f2c9a633b184c07dd73563d)) * **dracut.sh:** * add --aggresive-strip option ([67fc670a](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/67fc670a88ab6c97d22c6718082619c0cf850fc3)) * add "--enhanced-cpio" option for calling dracut-cpio ([afe4a6db](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/afe4a6dbb7df62982baab8212bba5d90010dfbac)) * check if target kernel has zstd support compiled in ([591118c5](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/591118c56da2bfcea060e3b7671bc87b23c0e44a)) * **fido2:** introducing the fido2 module ([049973b7](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/049973b708298ea0ce1ac9c869b404f4c718eff3)) * **lvm:** * only run lvchange for LV that is seen on devices ([1af46743](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/1af46743195422aaebcde5c508a5dd479eff51ea)) * use generated filter when none is set ([7ffc5e38](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/7ffc5e388bcce20785803825bdd260c3c854b34f)) * update lvm command options ([c0a54f29](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/c0a54f2993b1d3c2101202c274a41f925445d54b)) * **pcsc:** introducing the pcsc module ([dcaff88a](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/dcaff88ac942042e3db0a2bbfc1c995ec0735f38)) * **pkcs11:** * include the module in the spec file ([c5907f82](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/c5907f82d835d72e4dd7c473a86e872fce37d61e)) * introducing the pkcs11 module ([83ea8cf0](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/83ea8cf001a49356cf7814b3c08bdd1c4b4f2763)) * **spec:** add systemd-integritysetup module ([fe8df024](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/fe8df0240a24b9d2d60a5b0b998f82b251ede849)) * **squash:** install umount util ([563f5434](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/563f543424c66bf38e6cbd3f489655d45ad9b5c5)) * **systemd:** enable support for systemd compiled with ASAN ([d502d2a8](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/d502d2a816ba8f8329b3d8616bd2a7e82a0ad21f)) * **systemd-integritysetup:** introducing the systemd-integritysetup module ([33cf47a6](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/33cf47a60870cc290bd5b59c9cf87c54ad37051f)) #### Contributors - Antonio Alvarez Feijoo <antonio.feijoo@suse.com> - David Disseldorp <ddiss@suse.de> - Martin Wilck <mwilck@suse.de> - Jóhann B. Guðmundsson <johannbg@gmail.com> - Shreenidhi Shedi <sshedi@vmware.com> - David Teigland <teigland@redhat.com> - Beniamino Galvani <bgalvani@redhat.com> - Thomas Blume <thomas.blume@suse.com> - Kairui Song <kasong@redhat.com> - Laszlo Gombos <laszlo.gombos@gmail.com> - Renaud Métrich <rmetrich@redhat.com> - Dusty Mabe <dusty@dustymabe.com> - Masahiro Matsuya <mmatsuya@redhat.com> - Alexander Wenzel <alexander.wenzel@qbeyond.de> - Andre Russ <andre.russ@sap.com> - Cornelius Hoffmann <coding@hoffmn.de> - David Tardon <dtardon@redhat.com> - Frantisek Sumsal <frantisek@sumsal.cz> - Harald Hoyer <harald@profian.com> - José María Fernández <josemariafg@gmail.com> - Kairui Song <kasong@tencent.com> - Peter Robinson <pbrobinson@fedoraproject.org> - Pingfan Liu <piliu@redhat.com> - Tony Asleson <tasleson@redhat.com> - Zoltán Böszörményi <zboszor@gmail.com> - Adrien Thierry <athierry@redhat.com> - Alexander Tsoy <alexander@tsoy.me> - Andreas Schwab <schwab@suse.de> - Andrey Sokolov <keremet@altlinux.org> - Brandon Sloane <btsloane@verizon.net> - Charles Rose <charles.rose@dell.com> - Coiby Xu <coxu@redhat.com> - Dan Horák <dhorak@redhat.com> - Dirk Müller <dirk@dmllr.de> - Glenn Morris <rgm@stanford.edu> - Hans de Goede <hdegoede@redhat.com> - Hari Bathini <hbathini@linux.ibm.com> - Henrik Gombos <henrik99999@gmail.com> - Jonathan Lebon <jonathan@jlebon.com> - LinkTed <link.ted@mailbox.org> - Lubomir Rintel <lkundrak@v3.sk> - Luca BRUNO <luca.bruno@coreos.com> - Lukas Nykryn <lnykryn@redhat.com> - Matthias Berndt <matthias_berndt@gmx.de> - Mike Gilbert <floppym@gentoo.org> - Pavel Valena <pvalena@redhat.com> - Stefan Berger <stefanb@linux.ibm.com> - Thomas Haller <thaller@redhat.com> - Tomasz Paweł Gajc <tpgxyz@gmail.com> - Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek <zbyszek@in.waw.pl> - joshuacov1 <joshuacov@gmail.com> - lapseofreason <lapseofreason0@gmail.com> dracut-055 ========== #### Bug Fixes * **base:** * add missing `str_replace` to `dracut-dev-lib.sh` ([148e420b](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/148e420be5b5809aa8d5033f47477573bbbf3e60)) * split out `dracut-dev-lib.sh` ([c08bc810](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/c08bc8109d4c43beacfa4bcdc20a356102da6d02)) * **bash:** minor cleanups ([9355cb8e](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/9355cb8ea5024533210067373657dc337d63ecb9)) * **dash:** minor cleanups ([f4ea5f87](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/f4ea5f8734c4636f7d6db78da76e9525beb9a0ac)) * **dracut:** pipe hardlink output to `dinfo` ([0a6007bf](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/0a6007bf4f472565d2c0c205a56edea7ba3e3bc3)) * **dracut-functions:** get_maj_min without get_maj_min_cache_file set ([a277a5fc](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/a277a5fc7acc0a9e8d853f09671495f9d27645c1)) * **dracut-util:** print error message with trailing newline ([b9b6f0ee](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/b9b6f0ee5b859a562e46a8c4e0dee0261fabf74d)) * **fs-lib:** install fsck utilities ([12beeac7](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/12beeac741e4429146a674ef4ea9aa0bac10364b)) * **install:** * configure logging earlier ([5eb24aa2](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/5eb24aa21d3ee639f869c2e363b3fb0b98be552b)) * sane default --kerneldir ([c1ab3613](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/c1ab36139d416e580e768c29f2addf7ccbc2c612), closes [#1505](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/issues/1505)) * **integrity:** require ALLOW_METADATA_WRITES to come from EVM config file ([b12d91c4](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/b12d91c431220488fecf7b4be82427e3560560cb)) * **mksh:** minor cleanups ([6c673298](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/6c673298f36990665467564e6114c9ca2530f584)) * **squash:** don't mount the mount points if already mounted ([636d6df3](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/636d6df3134dde1dac72241937724bc59deb9303)) * **warpclock:** minor cleanups ([7d205598](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/7d205598c6a500b58b4d328e824d0446276f7ced)) #### Features * **dracut.sh:** detect running in a container ([7275c6f6](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/7275c6f6a0f6808cd939ea5bdf1244c7bd13ba44)) * **install:** add default value for --firmwaredirs ([4cb086fa](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/4cb086fa2995799b95c0b25bc9a0cf72ba3868ea)) #### Contributors - Harald Hoyer <harald@redhat.com> - Jóhann B. Guðmundsson <johannbg@gmail.com> - Marcos Mello <marcosfrm@gmail.com> - Kairui Song <kasong@redhat.com> - Lars Wendler <polynomial-c@gentoo.org> - Stefan Berger <stefanb@linux.ibm.com> - Tomasz Paweł Gajc <tpgxyz@gmail.com> dracut-054 ========== With this release dracut has undergone a major overhaul. A lot of systemd related modules have been added. The integration test suite has finally ironed out the flaky behaviour due to the parallel device probing of the kernel, which bit sometimes in the non-kvm github CI. So, if you see any `/dev/sda` in a setup script with more than two hard drives, chances are, that the script works on the wrong disk. Same goes for network interfaces. This release is also fully `shellcheck`'ed with `ShellCheck-0.7.2` and indented with `shfmt` and `astyle`. The dracut project builds test containers every day for: * `opensuse/tumbleweed-dnf:latest` * `archlinux:latest` * `fedora:rawhide` * `fedora:latest` * `fedora:33` These containers can easily be used to run the integration tests locally without root permissions via `podman`. We hope this serves as a blueprint for your distribution's CI process. More information can be found in [docs/HACKING.md](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/blob/master/HACKING.md). #### Bug Fixes * make testsuite pass on OpenSuse and Arch ([8b2afb08](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/8b2afb08baea7fc6e15ece94e287dcc4a008bcc4)) * cope with distributions with `/usr/etc` files ([3ad3b3a4](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/3ad3b3a40d419c4386b2924f6ac25ab0c355d131)) * deprecate gummiboot ([5c94cf41](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/5c94cf41e8937b6fbb72c96bc54c84fdf224c711)) * set vimrc and emacs indention according to .editorconfig ([9012f399](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/9012f3996b1e5f0788f8e80dfdd5c9ab0636c355)) * correctly handle kernel parameters ([501d82f7](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/501d82f79675a6bf9b37e8250152515863a80236)) * remove dracut.pc on `make clean` ([d643156d](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/d643156d561d3aca816d75e403149db073617292)) * honor KVERSION environment in the Makefile ([d8a454a5](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/d8a454a537c6de95033dec7d83c622fdc46c2a4f)) * always use mkdir -p ([9cf7b1c5](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/9cf7b1c529442d5abd6eaec4399d4ee77b95145e)) * **dracut.sh:** * prevent symbolic links containing `//` ([de0c0872](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/de0c0872fc858fa9ca952f79ea9f00be17c37a4c)) * adding missing globalvars for udev ([f35d479d](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/f35d479d2b718da54886a66d3b7af2132215f80a)) * sysctl global variables ([3ca9aa1d](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/3ca9aa1d7b24b82e01d16613b86ec3be97c8a1bb)) * add global vars for modules-load ([ec4539c6](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/ec4539c6066edf25e52ed8e2d35c4be7ef39f729)) * omission is an addition to other omissions in conf files ([96c31333](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/96c313333d1a4f5e2c524a3a11c5b3aab24afc20)) * harden dracut against GZIP environment variable ([d8e47e20](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/d8e47e201af4646e2a82e11220ea9c993bd2ed48)) * add a missing tmpfilesconfdir global variable ([8849dd8d](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/8849dd8d1a74a46cb761c4d8041e4582d4686724)) * include `modules.builtin.alias` in the initramfs ([7f633747](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/7f6337471312486934f9592c1c7c05ed68694454)) * install all depmod relevant configuration files ([50a01dd4](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/50a01dd4b28471c0dfa810a705e219963bd5ec3c)) * add `modules.builtin.modinfo` to the initramfs ([87c4c178](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/87c4c17850e8bb982f6c07a6d3f58124bb2875de)) * search for btrfs devices from actual mount poiont ([3fdc734a](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/3fdc734a5cc8c0b94c1da49439181d540c8a5c43)) * **dracut-functions.sh:** * implement a cache for get_maj_min ([c3bb9d18](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/c3bb9d18dceed7db6d16f9c2a7f682c5934099d7)) * word splitting issue for sed in get_ucode_file ([122657b2](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/122657b2fedf13991597830cca4d4ddbc8038233)) * **dracut-logger.sh:** double dash trigger unknown logger warnings during run ([4fbccde5](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/4fbccde50456f513d388cdfd858018cd889890dc)) * **dracut-install:** * handle $LIB in ldd output parsing ([d1a36d3d](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/d1a36d3d80b0ed71ee814659e18a020c53cee05e)) * handle builtin modules ([2536a9ea](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/2536a9eaffbc9cc14c85579a2f537d3f3a1d5659)) * **base:** * suppress calls to getarg in build phase ([6feaaabc](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/6feaaabc221ffbf79f652cbee3eea58f02449c50)) * source hooks without exec ([8059bcb2](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/8059bcb2c8df4d60cc2f548d3c53db25d815a7be)) * wait_for_dev quote shell variables ([b800edd6](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/b800edd69817b5e46d5f240b96d3b3648267ea21)) * adding crc32c for ext3 ([61f45643](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/61f456435879f084a1bf2c8885eaf37070035abf)) * **crypt:** * install all crypto modules in the generic initrd ([10f9e569](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/10f9e569c52654ff54678a626a0f5dd14233716d)) * include cryptsetups tmpfile ([a4cc1964](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/a4cc196467e45f093fab7876c1c6b40798058920)) * **crypt-gpg:** * cope with different scdaemon location ([44fd1c13](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/44fd1c13555f2e12bb566c246948629ada27d14d)) * **dbus-broker:** * enable the service ([df1e5f06](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/df1e5f06a5449dcec6749baf742eac6eb1f0aa53)) * **dbus-daemon:** * only error out in install() ([ae4fbb3d](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/ae4fbb3db4136e6e03a1c74d05ecc2a73b916401)) * **dracut-systemd:** * don't refuse root=tmpfs when systemd is used ([a96900a8](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/a96900a82c3a8ec1ed2c6b2cc8862f912093fa0c)) * **examples:** remove the examples directory and reference to it ([b37c90c8](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/b37c90c8e00155a1f31237ae6cf91a81677c4df5)) * **fips:** * add dh and ecdh ciphers ([543b8014](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/543b8014fc10fc6a92ba83db0dfc994fc1d2129b)) * remove old udev version requirements ([be30d987](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/be30d98751cff4ace660215305e2468943a45754)) * **i18n:** * skip if data is missing ([651fe01e](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/651fe01e7937d86bbd471d9621581bed44f23dfa)) * **img-lib:** * ignored null byte in input ([85eb9680](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/85eb96802cb82ec179bd3bc429b0dad2518946c5)) * **integrity:** * properly set up EVM when using an x509 cert ([4bdd7eb2](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/4bdd7eb23a8187c3f19797e47eee8c672cea33ae)) * **iscsi:** * replace sed call with bash internals ([66b920c6](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/66b920c65143f4cac80385a51704ae9483305569)) * add iscsid.service requirements ([bb6770f1](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/bb6770f1a413bdc7fd570b260ee28ace1255a195)) * only rely on socket activiation ([0eb87d78](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/0eb87d78108aae9aa4692f1edfb33ded50e26409)) * **kernel-modules:** * optionally add /usr/lib/modules.d to initramfs ([92e6a8f8](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/92e6a8f87914322994387e559cf2a00b1760b301)) * add watchdog drivers for generic initrd ([3a60c036](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/3a60c036db7caccda95475d33c8d4ce1f615d2c8)) * **mdraid:** * remove dependency statements ([86b75634](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/86b756346a6b7c5cb5f6fda4d12e2a58b6144e40)) * **memstrack:** * correct dependencies ([c2ecc4d1](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/c2ecc4d131876383b47820a2e8d1a6f8a11716d9)) * **multipath:** * stop multipath before udev db cleanup ([3c244c7c](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/3c244c7ca3555b526883dc20104c469b39085cbe)) * revise multipathd-stop ([7b8c78ff](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/7b8c78ff43a1f8e3690969e980d3d9d1dcb00c87)) * **nbd:** * assume nbd version >= 3.8 ([6209edeb](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/6209edeb5c7783d94867829bf052aa53c78a1efe)) * remove old udev version requirements ([fd15dbad](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/fd15dbad6ebad86a3753a03f98706010f3e36cf7)) * make nbd work again with systemd ([77906443](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/7790644362622097aa69107920fd26b688c855d3)) * **network:** * use wicked unit instead of find_binary ([57eefcf7](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/57eefcf70587f06b8874a3b3cf31e9ab70c03227)) * user variable for sdnetworkd instead of path ([4982e16d](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/4982e16dd53dcbbcfbd3a6b59013a0d6f893f840)) * correct regression in iface_has_carrier ([36af0518](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/36af0518b3fe59442de206c24bbe03be6fc17095)) * **network-legacy:** * add missing options to dhclient.conf ([abfd547a](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/abfd547a85230a4520df65280aaf195f319df464)) * silence getargs ([60a34d8b](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/60a34d8b11dd50b2cd4e0e2208bd7c5e0fc48b71)) * **network-manager:** * cope with distributions not using `libexec` ([22d6863e](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/22d6863ef1b2eb2a22264f2bfdb2b9329ab5dfdb)) * set timeout via command line option ([8a51ee1f](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/8a51ee1fa61bd3da342be53e35730837afd2caad)) * run after dracut-cmdline ([4d03404f](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/4d03404f499064b354a58223895cc47dbb461da5)) * create /run directories ([49b61496](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/49b614961dc8684f8512febbf80da489909e4b7f)) * use /run/NetworkManager/initrd/neednet in initqueue ([6a37c6f6](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/6a37c6f6302f950df608db3fd45acf9342ee3de2)) * only run NetworkManager if rd.neednet=1 ([ac0e8f7d](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/ac0e8f7dcc81432311906c3fca0d4211f6a2f68c)) * nm-run.service: don't kill forked processes ([1f21fac6](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/1f21fac646daa46cbe184ef8ff7705842f06ba15)) * no default deps for nm-run.service ([ba4bcf5f](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/ba4bcf5f4f11ad624c647ddf4f566997186135e7)) * nm-lib.sh does not require bash ([3402142e](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/3402142e344298c8f20fc52a2b064344788f1668)) * **squash:** * post install should be the last step before stripping ([8c8aecdc](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/8c8aecdc63c9389038e78ee712d4809e49add5e1)) * **systemd:** * include all nss libraries ([b3bbf5fb](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/b3bbf5fb6a95cfb69272da0711b5c5e0c6621de9)) * include hosts and nsswitch.conf in hostonly mode ([5912f4fb](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/5912f4fbc036cc36b9507c16dddef1ded1556572)) * remove old systemd version requirements ([fc53987b](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/fc53987bec1bc71b054d99072f62c1770a44bcca)) * **systemd-hostnamed:** extra quote ([2aa65234](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/2aa652349ca83198581cccb516a241a8d0e1b4d9)) * **systemd-modules:** remove dependency on systemd meta module ([afef4557](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/afef455718db69cff3797ca1a6d8bfebd2e86ab3)) * **systemd-modules-load:** * misc repairs ([782ac8f1](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/782ac8f1f6b68edfe59630e9e4ac1673636f3a5e)) * **systemd-networkd:** * make systemd-networkd a proper network provider ([ea779750](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/ea779750c371102c04252b48f1b7d9c7ece7cf93), closes [#737](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/issues/737)) * **systemd-resolved:** remove nss libraries ([12bef83c](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/12bef83cdaf329e3ee2cc1f282bd9c128ec0fc56)) * **systemd-sysctl:** * sysctl global variables ([02acedd0](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/02acedd09eb7222eaaf0f5256f3ddec26d658360)) * **systemd-sysusers:** * misc fixes and cleanup ([7359ba8a](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/7359ba8acab2652cfff6b845f84a936cdec30f9d)) * **systemd-udev:** use global vars instead of fixed path ([fd883a58](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/fd883a58d1360f0c6c32f64462fafdd7a54af1ee)) * **systemd-udevd:** add udev id program files ([562cb77b](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/562cb77b5a28e3f31bc6d327c7712fba661e9a27)) * **systemd-verity:** * incorrect reference to cryptsetup target ([ba92d1fc](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/ba92d1fcad68758004d7b1102fe1905c0f25e63e)) * re-naming module to veritysetup ([0267f3c3](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/0267f3c3554efd8f027afaf462347167402f5d6c)) * **tpm2-tss:** add tpm2 requirement ([8f99fada](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/8f99fadabea8f279a9fe28473dba424eb38f8d60)) * **udev-rules:** * remove sourcing of network link files ([69f4e7cd](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/69f4e7cdc3f7da24e40496b0b2f0f5022cc3376d)) * add btrfs udev rules by default ([567c4557](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/567c4557537fe7f477f0f54237df00ebc79e56be)) * **url-lib:** * fix passing args ([5f6be515](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/5f6be51595eab878314d031d9bfebe844b639302)) * **zipl:** * don't depend on grub2 ([6b499ec1](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/6b499ec14b3ff35d5298617b436b64563a2d8c2f)) #### Performance * disable initrd compression when squash module is enabled ([7c0bc0b2](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/7c0bc0b2fd167da42035020dae49af94844f053c)) #### Features * support ZSTD-compressed kernel modules ([ce9af251](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/ce9af251af5fca08ea206ef980005853a4dac36e)) * also restore the initramfs from /lib/modules ([33e27fab](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/33e27fab59db60b1ca05a0c5b8a51fccb98578e5)) * extend Makefile indent target ([e0a0fa61](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/e0a0fa61749152fd5bc837770a02cf22d7e02d40)) * customize .editorconfig according to shfmt ([1f621aba](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/1f621aba3728a621b83b3b697eae6caadae9d287)) * squash module follow --compress option ([5d05ffbd](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/5d05ffbd87bc27e27f517ebc3454d50729c687e6)) * **bluetooth:** implement bluetooth support in initrd ([64ee2a53](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/64ee2a53864576fbedabe6b18fb9aae01b999199)) * **btrfs:** add 64-btrfs-dm.rules rules ([d4caa86a](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/d4caa86aba35b51dc1adda3ee3a5bae677420082)) * **mkinitrd:** remove mkinitrd ([43df4ee2](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/43df4ee274e7135aff87868bf3bf2fbab47aa8b4)) * **nbd:** support ipv6 link local nbds ([b12f8188](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/b12f8188a4ffac312694ebd48a5c99ba885e6467)) * **network-manager:** run as daemon with D-Bus ([112f03f9](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/112f03f9e225a790cbc6378c70773c6af5e7ee34)) * **qemu:** include the virtio_mem kernel module ([f3dcb606](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/f3dcb60619671f2d353caaa42d38207172c8b3ba)) * **skipcpio:** speed up and harden skipcpio ([63033495](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/630334950c9a7a714fdf31b6ff545d804b5df2f2)) * **squash:** * use busybox for early setup if available ([90f269f6](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/90f269f6afe409925bad86f0bd7e9322ad9b4fb0)) * install and depmod modules seperately ([5a18b24a](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/5a18b24a8b9c20c98f711963ce5407ceb2f3d57b)) * **systemd-ac-power:** introducing the systemd-ac-power module ([e7407230](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/e74072306958262f22a9ecf10b928647ebdacf8f)) * **systemd-hostnamed:** introducing the systemd-hostnamed module ([bf273e3e](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/bf273e3e8632faff68fe19f9d7d7cc42e5a7c480)) * **systemd-initrd:** add initrd-usr-fs.target ([5eb73610](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/5eb736103d06197f37283bc27815c050adec81ea)) * **systemd-journald:** introducing the systemd-journald module ([3697891b](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/3697891b754493ecd6b19dbf279701bad3460fcd)) * **systemd-ldconfig:** introducing the systemd-ldconfig module ([563c434e](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/563c434ecba68c628344c1a684f656cdd8f9f214)) * **systemd-network-management:** introducing systemd-network-management module ([e942d86c](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/e942d86c9ddad19f9307d58cb2d99169f6e94edb)) * **systemd-resolved:** introducing the systemd-resolved module ([b7d3caef](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/b7d3caef6780305c553851169ca30b0b05b6ff31)) * **systemd-rfkill:** introducing the systemd-rfkill module ([21536544](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/215365441e1042793d62c4c9e146be5916ed5aeb)) * **systemd-sysext:** introducing the systemd-sysext module ([fc88af54](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/fc88af54134ec021be58465b52d1271453c30c55)) * **systemd-timedated:** introducing the systemd-timedated module ([1c41cc90](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/1c41cc90c52636e03abdf6d0c4fa0f557b7eb449)) * **systemd-timesyncd:** introducing the systemd-timesyncd module ([2257d545](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/2257d54583d24ca69d10b5e600b986d412a21714)) * **systemd-tmpfiles:** introducing the systemd-tmpfiles module ([2b61be32](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/2b61be32b890e70b1fce45d984327c27302da9bc)) * **systemd-udevd:** introducing the systemd-udevd module ([3534789c](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/3534789cc42331bc22cf44d26a1d04db4e010ad9)) * **systemd-verity:** introducing the systemd-verity module ([3d4dea58](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/3d4dea58f9821e58841d5c738b9935193c680181)) * **tpm2-tss:** introducing the tpm2-tss module ([8743b073](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/8743b0735692ab3f333815ba311cecdc29d45ecd)) #### Contributors - Harald Hoyer <harald@redhat.com> - Jóhann B. Guðmundsson <johannbg@gmail.com> - Kairui Song <kasong@redhat.com> - Dusty Mabe <dusty@dustymabe.com> - Beniamino Galvani <bgalvani@redhat.com> - Mikhail Novosyolov <m.novosyolov@rosalinux.ru> - Renaud Métrich <rmetrich@redhat.com> - Adam Alves <adamoa@gmail.com> - Daniel Molkentin <daniel.molkentin@suse.com> - David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com> - David Tardon <dtardon@redhat.com> - Jaroslav Jindrak <dzejrou@gmail.com> - Jonas Jelten <jj@sft.lol> - Lennart Poettering <lennart@poettering.net> - Lev Veyde <lveyde@redhat.com> - Peter Robinson <pbrobinson@fedoraproject.org> - Stefan Berger <stefanb@linux.ibm.com> - Đoàn Trần Công Danh <congdanhqx@gmail.com> dracut-053 ========== #### Bug Fixes * **dracut.sh:** * unfreeze /boot on exit ([d87ae137](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/d87ae13721d04a8a2192d896af224ac6965caf70)) * proper return code for inst_multiple in dracut-init.sh ([d437970c](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/d437970c013e3287de263a1e60a117b15239896c)) * **fcoe:** * rename rd.nofcoe to rd.fcoe ([6f7823bc](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/6f7823bce65dd4b52497dbb94892b637fd06471a)) * rd.nofcoe=0 should disable fcoe ([805b46c2](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/805b46c2a81e04d69fc3af912942568516d05ee7)) * **i18n:** * get rid of `eval` calls ([5387ed24](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/5387ed24c8b33da1214232d57ab1831e117aaba0)) * create the keyboard symlinks again ([9e1c7f3d](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/9e1c7f3deadd387adaa97b189593b4ba3d7c6d5a)) * **network-manager:** * run as a service if systemd module is present ([c17c5b76](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/c17c5b7604c8d61dd1c00ee22d44c3a5d7d6dfee)) * rework how NM is started in debug mode ([34c73b33](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/34c73b339baa025dfd8916379c4d191be34a8af5)) * **drm:** skip empty modalias files in drm module setup ([c3f24184](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/commit/c3f241849de6434d063ef92e6880f6b0335c1800)) dracut-052 ========== #### Features - **dracut:** - allow overriding the systemctl command for sysroot with `$SYSTEMCTL` for cross compilation - add additional global variables Variables like `dbusconfdir` or `systemdnetwork` are now exported to the individual modules as global variables. If they are not set in the distribution dracut config files, they are set via `pkg-config` - A `--no-uefi` option as been added to the CLI options to disable a default `uefi=yes` set by a configuration file. - **kernel-modules:** add modules from `drivers/memory` for arm - **network-legacy:** send dhcp in parallel on all devices via the `single-dhcp` option - **dbus:** introduce a meta module for dbus - **dbus-broker:** introduce the dbus-broker module - **dbus-daemon:** introduce the dbus-daemon module - **systemd-ask-password:** introduce the systemd-ask-password module - **systemd-coredump:** introduce the systemd-coredump module - **systemd-modules-load:** introduce the systemd-modules-load module - **systemd-repart:** introduce the systemd-repart module - **systemd-sysctl:** introduce the systemd-sysctl module - **systemd-sysusers:** introduce the systemd-sysuser module #### Bug Fixes - first round of shellcheck for all shell scripts - revise all module checks to not error out about missing dependencies - use the top-level `/efi` path to address the EFI partition - correct the squash quirk - use `find_binary` instead of other methods, because `find_binary` honors `dracutsysrootdir` - quote globbing in module-setup.sh for `inst_multiple` - move ldconfig after library workaround - do not set cmdline for uefi images unless asked - **dracut:** don't override `PATH`, if `dracutsysrootdir` is set - **dracut-functions.sh:** check kernel config from `dracutsysrootdir` - **dracut-init.sh:** make inst_libdir_file work with `dracutsysrootdir` set - **dracut-install:** allow globbing for multiple sources - **06dbus:** - do not hardcode path to dbus utils - do not hardcode path to systemd unit - **uefi** use efivars fs over the deprecated sysfs entries - **keyring** adding shared keyring mode to systemd unit `dracut-pre-pivot.service` - **35network-manager:** avoid restarting NetworkManager - **90kernel-modules:** install generic crypto modules with hostonly unset - **99squash:** use kernel config instead of modprobe to check modules - **dbus-daemon:** use uid/gid from sysroot if `dracutsysrootdir` is set - **kernel-modules:** add reset controllers for arm - **kernel-network-modules:** also install modules from mdio subdirectory - **mdraid:** - remove the `offroot` option (long deprecated) - add the grow continue service `mdadm-grow-continue` - **network-legacy:** silent the check for dhcp leaseinfo - **network-manager:** allow override network manager version - **plymouth:** install binaries with dependencies - **shutdown:** add timeout to umount calls - **watchdog:** fix dependencies in `module-setup.sh` #### Contributors - Harald Hoyer <harald@redhat.com> - Jóhann B. Guðmundsson <johannbg@gmail.com> - Zoltán Böszörményi <zboszor@pr.hu> - Alexey Shabalin <shaba@altlinux.org> - Daniel Molkentin <daniel.molkentin@suse.com> - Luiz Angelo Daros de Luca <luizluca@gmail.com> - Mariusz Tkaczyk <mariusz.tkaczyk@linux.intel.com> - Alexander Tsoy <alexander@tsoy.me> - Anjali Kulkarni <anjali.k.kulkarni@oracle.com> - Beniamino Galvani <bgalvani@redhat.com> - David Tardon <dtardon@redhat.com> - Javier Martinez Canillas <javierm@redhat.com> - Kairui Song <kasong@redhat.com> - Lukas Nykryn <lnykryn@redhat.com> - Matthew Thode <mthode@mthode.org> - Nicolas Chauvet <kwizart@gmail.com> - Nicolas Saenz Julienne <nsaenzjulienne@suse.de> - Ondrej Mosnacek <omosnace@redhat.com> - Peter Levine <plevine457@gmail.com> - Petr Pavlu <petr.pavlu@suse.com> - Vladius25 <vkorol2509@icloud.com> - Yang Liu <50459973+ly4096x@users.noreply.github.com> - foopub <45460217+foopub@users.noreply.github.com> - realtime-neil <neil@rtr.ai> dracut-051 ========== dracut: - allow running on a cross-compiled rootfs dracutsysrootdir is the root directory, file existence checks use it. DRACUT_LDCONFIG can override ldconfig with a different one that works on the sysroot with foreign binaries. DRACUT_LDD can override ldd with a different one that works with foreign binaries. DRACUT_TESTBIN can override /bin/sh. A cross-compiled sysroot may use symlinks that are valid only when running on the target so a real file must be provided that exist in the sysroot. DRACUT_INSTALL now supports debugging dracut-install in itself when run by dracut but without debugging the dracut scripts. E.g. DRACUT_INSTALL="valgrind dracut-install or DRACUT_INSTALL="dracut-install --debug". DRACUT_COMPRESS_BZIP2, DRACUT_COMPRESS_LBZIP2, DRACUT_COMPRESS_LZMA, DRACUT_COMPRESS_XZ, DRACUT_COMPRESS_GZIP, DRACUT_COMPRESS_PIGZ, DRACUT_COMPRESS_LZOP, DRACUT_COMPRESS_ZSTD, DRACUT_COMPRESS_LZ4, DRACUT_COMPRESS_CAT: All of the compression utilities may be overridden, to support the native binaries in non-standard places. DRACUT_ARCH overrides "uname -m". SYSTEMD_VERSION overrides "systemd --version". The dracut-install utility was overhauled to support sysroot via a new option -r and fixes for clang-analyze. It supports cross-compiler-ldd from https://gist.github.com/jerome-pouiller/c403786c1394f53f44a3b61214489e6f DRACUT_INSTALL_PATH was introduced so dracut-install can work with a different PATH. In a cross-compiled environment (e.g. Yocto), PATH points to natively built binaries that are not in the host's /bin, /usr/bin, etc. dracut-install still needs plain /bin and /usr/bin that are relative to the cross-compiled sysroot. DRACUT_INSTALL_LOG_TARGET and DRACUT_INSTALL_LOG_LEVEL were introduced so dracut-install can use different settings from DRACUT_LOG_TARGET and DRACUT_LOG_LEVEL. - don't call fsfreeze on subvol of root file system - Use TMPDIR (typically /run/user/$UID) if available - dracut.sh: add check for invalid configuration files Emit a warning about possible misconfigured configuration files, where the spaces around values are missing for +="" - dracut-functions: fix find_binary() to return full path - dracut.sh: FIPS workaround for openssl-libs on Fedora/RHEL - dracut.sh: fix early microcode detection logic - dracut.sh: fix ia32 detection for uefi executables - dracut.sh: Add --version - dracut.sh: Add --hostonly-nics option - EFI Mode: only write kernel cmdline to UEFI binary - Allow $DRACUT_INSTALL to be not an absolute path - Don't print when a module is explicitly omitted (by default) - Remove uses of bash (and bash specific syntax) in runtime scripts - dracut-init.sh: Add a helper for detect device kernel modules - dracut-functions.sh: Fix check_block_and_slaves_all - dracut-functions.sh: add a helper to check if kernel module is available Documentation - dracut.cmdline.7.asc: clarify usage of `rd.lvm.vg` and `rd.lvm.lv` - dracut.conf.5.asc: document how to config --no-compress in the config - fix CI badges in README.md and fix dracut description - dracut.modules.7.asc: fix typos - dracut.modules.7.asc: fix reference to insmodpost module - Add --version to man page - Adding code of conduct - Document initqueue/online hook dracut-install: - install: also install post weak dependencies of kernel modules - install: Globbing support for resolving "firmware:" mkinitrd: - use vmlinux regex for ppc*, vmlinuz for i686 mkinitrd-suse: - fix i586 platform detection modules: 00systemd: - skip dependency add for non-existent units - add missing cryptsetup-related targets 05busybox: - simplify listing of supported utilities 06rngd: - install dependant libs too - Do not start inside container 10i18n: - i18n: Always install /etc/vconsole.conf 35network-legacy: - dhclient-script: Fix typo in output of BOUND & BOUND6 cases - simplify fallback dhcp setup 35network-manager: - ensure that nm-run.sh is executed when needed - install libnss DNS and mDNS plugins - always pull in machinery to read ifcfg files - set kernel hostname from the command line - move connection generation to a lib file 40network: - fix glob matching ipv6 addresses - net-lib.sh: support infiniband network mac addresses 45url-lib: - drop NSS if it's not in curl --version 80cms: - regenerate NetworkManager connections 90btrfs: - force preload btrfs module - Install crypto modules in 90kernel-modules 90crypt: - cryptroot-ask: no warn if /run/cryptsetup exist - install crypto modules in 90kernel-modules - try to catch kernel config changes - fix force on multiple lines - pull in remote-cryptsetup.target enablement - cryptroot-ask: unify /etc/crypttab and rd.luks.key 90dmsquash-live: - iso-scan.sh: Provide an easy reference to iso-scan device 90kernel-modules: - remove nfit from static module list (see nvdimm module) - install crypto modules in 90kernel-modules - add sg kernel module - add pci_hyperv - install block drivers more strictly - install less modules for hostonly mode - arm: add drivers/hwmon for arm/arm64 90kernel-network-modules - on't install iscsi related module (use 95iscsi) 90lvm: - remove unnecessary ${initdir} from lvm_scan.sh - fix removal of pvscan from udev rules - do not add newline to cmdline 90multipath: - add automatic configuration for multipath (adds 'rd.multipath=default' to use the default config) - install kpartx's 11-dm-parts.rules 90nvdimm: - new module for NVDIMM support 90ppcmac: - respect DRACUT_ARCH, don't exclude ppcle 90qemu-net: - in hostonly mode, only install if network is needed - install less module for strict hostonly mode 91zipl: - parse-zipl.sh: honor SYSTEMD_READY 95cifs: - pass rootflags to mount - install new softdeps (sha512, gcm, ccm, aead2) 95dasd: - only install /etc/dasd.conf if present 95dcssblk: - fix script permissions 95fcoe: - fix pre-trigger stage by replacing exit with return in lldpad.sh - default rd.nofcoe to false - don't install if there is no FCoE hostonly devices 95iscsi: - fix missing space when compiling cmdline args - fix ipv6 target discovery 95nfs: - only install rpc services for NFS < 4 when hostonly is strict - Change the order of NFS servers during the boot (next-server option has higher priority than DHCP-server itself) - install less module if hostonly mode is strict 95nvmf: - add module for NVMe-oF - add NVMe over TCP support 95resume: - do not resume on iSCSI, FCoE or NBD 95rootfs-block: - mount-root.sh: fix writing fstab file with missing fsck flag - only write root argument for block device 95zfcp: - match simplified rd.zfcp format too 95zfcp_rules: - parse-zfcp.sh: remove rule existence check 95znet: - add a rd.znet_ifname= option 98dracut-systemd: - remove memtrace-ko and rd.memdebug=4 support in dracut - remove cleanup_trace_mem calls - dracut-initqueue: Print more useful info in case of timeout - as of v246 of systemd "syslog" and "syslog-console" switches have been deprecated - don't wait for root device if remote cryptsetup active 99base: - dracut-lib.sh: quote variables in parameter expansion patterns - remove memtrace-ko and rd.memdebug=4 support in dracut - remove cleanup_trace_mem calls - see new module 99memstrack - prevent creating unexpected files on the host when running dracut 99memstrack: - memstrack is a new tool to track the overall memory usage and allocation, which can help off load the improve the builtin module memory tracing function in dracut. 99squash: - don't hardcode the squash sub directories - improve pre-requirements check - check require module earlier, and properly new modules: - nvmf - watchdog-modules - dbus - network-wicked removed modules: - stratis test suite: - use dd from /dev/zero, instead of creating files with a hole - TEST-03-USR-MOUNT/test.sh: increase loglevel - TEST-12-RAID-DEG/create-root.sh: more udevadm settle - TEST-35-ISCSI-MULTI: bump disk space - TEST-41-NBD-NM/Makefile: should be based on TEST-40-NBD not TEST-20-NFS - TEST-99: exclude /etc/dnf/* from check dracut-050 ========== dracut: - support for running on a cross-compiled rootfs, see README.cross - add support for creating secureboot signed UEFI images - use microcode found in packed cpio images - `-k/--kmodir` must now contain "lib/modules/$KERNEL_VERSION" use DRACUT_KMODDIR_OVERRIDE=1 to ignore this check - support the EFI Stub loader's splash image feature. `--uefi-splash-image <FILE>` dracut modules: - remove bashism in various boot scripts - emergency mode: use sulogin fcoe: - add rd.nofcoe option to disable the FCoE module from the command line 10i18n: - fix keymaps not getting included sometimes - use eurlatgr as default console font iscsi: - add option `rd.iscsi.testroute` multipath: - fix udev rules detection of multipath devices network: - support NetworkManager network-legacy: - fix classless static route parsing - ifup: fix typo when calling dhclient --timeout - ifup: nuke pid and lease files if dhclient failed - fix ip=dhcp,dhcp6 - use $name instead of $env{INTERFACE} (systemd-udevd regression) shutdown: - fix for non-systemd reboot/halt/shutdown commands - set selinux labels - fix shutdown with console=null lsinitrd: - list squash content as well - handle UEFI created with dracut --uefi - make lsinitrd usable for images made with Debian mkinitramfs dracut-install: - fixed ldd parsing - install kernel module dependencies of dependencies - fixed segfault for hashing NULL pointers - add support for compressed firmware files - dracut_mkdir(): create parent directories as needed. configure: - Find FTS library with --as-needed test suite: - lots of cleanups - add github actions new modules: - rngd - network-manager - ppcmac - thermal/fan control modules on PowerPC based Macs dracut-049 ========== lsinitrd: - record loaded kernel modules when hostonly mode is enabled lsinitrd $image -f */lib/dracut/loaded-kernel-modules.txt - allow to only unpack certain files kernel-modules: - add gpio and pinctrl drivers for arm*/aarch64 - add nfit kernel-network-modules: - add vlan kernel modules ifcfg/write-ifcfg.sh: - aggregate resolv.conf livenet: - Enable OverlayFS overlay in sysroot.mount generator. dmsquash-live: - Support a flattened squashfs.img - Remove obsolete osmin.img processing dracut-systemd: - Start systemd-vconsole-setup before dracut-cmdline-ask iscsi: - do not install all of /etc/iscsi unless hostonly - start iscsid even w/o systemd multipath: - fixed shutdown network: - configure NetworkManager to use dhclient mdraid: - fixed uuid handling ":" versus "-" stratis: - Add additional binaries new modules: - 00warpclock - 99squash Adds support for building a squashed initramfs - 35network-legacy the old 40network - 35network-manager alternative to 35network-legacy - 90kernel-modules-extra adds out-of-tree kernel modules testsuite: - now runs on travis - support new qemu device options - even runs without kvm now dracut-048 ========== dracut.sh: - fixed finding of btrfs devices - harden dracut against BASH_ENV environment variable - no more prelinking - scan and install "external" kernel modules - fixed instmods with zero input - rdsosreport: best effort to strip out passwords - introduce tri-state hostonly mode Add a new option --hostonly-mode which accept an <mode> parameter, so we have a tri-state hostonly mode: * generic: by passing "--no-hostonly" or not passing anything. "--hostonly-mode" has no effect in such case. * sloppy: by passing "--hostonly --hostonly-mode sloppy". This is also the default mode when only "--hostonly" is given. * strict: by passing "--hostonly --hostonly-mode strict". Sloppy mode is the original hostonly mode, the new introduced strict mode will allow modules to ignore more drivers or do some extra job to save memory and disk space, while making the image less portable. Also introduced a helper function "optional_hostonly" to make it easier for modules to leverage new hostonly mode. To force install modules only in sloppy hostonly mode, use the form: hostonly="$(optional_hostonly)" instmods <modules> dracut-install: - don't error out, if no modules were installed - support modules.softdep lsinitrd.sh: - fixed zstd file signature kernel: - include all pci/host modules - add mmc/core for arm - Include Intel Volume Management Device support plymouth: - fix detection of plymouth directory drm: - make failing installation of drm modules nonfatal - include virtio DRM drivers in hostonly initramfs stratis: - initial Stratis support crypt: - correct s390 arch to include arch-specific crypto modules - add cmdline rd.luks.partuuid - add timeout option rd.luks.timeout shutdown: - sleep a little, if a process was killed network: - introduce ip=either6 option iscsi: - replace iscsistart with iscsid qeth_rules: - new module to copy qeth rules multipath-hostonly: - merged back into multipath mdraid: - fixed case if rd.md.uuid is in ID_FS_UUID format dracut-047 ========== dracut.sh: - sync initramfs to filesystem with fsfreeze - introduce "--no-hostonly-default-device" - disable lsinitrd logging when quiet - add support for Zstandard compression - fixed relative paths in --kerneldir - if /boot/vmlinuz-$version exists use /boot/ as default output dir - make qemu and qemu-net a default module in non-hostonly mode - fixed relative symlinks - support microcode updates for all AMD CPU families - install all modules-load.d regardless of hostonly - fixed parsing of "-i" and "--include" - bump kmod version to >= 23 - enable 'early_microcode' by default - fixed check_block_and_slaves() for nvme lsinitrd.sh: - dismiss "cat" error messages systemd-bootchart: - removed i18n: - install all keymaps for a given locale - add correct fontmaps dmsquash-live: - fixed systemd unit escape systemd: - enable core dumps with systemd from initrd - fixed setting of timeouts for device units - emergency.service: use Type=idle and fixed task limit multipath: - include files from /etc/multipath/conf.d - do not fail startup on missing configuration - start daemon after udev settle - add shutdown script - parse kernel commandline option 'multipath=off' - start before local-fs-pre.target dracut-emergency: - optionally print filesystem help network: - fixed MTU for bond master - fixed race condition when wait for networks fcoe: - handle CNAs with DCB firmware support - allow to specify the FCoE mode via the fcoe= parameter - always set AUTO_VLAN for fcoemon - add shutdown script - fixup fcoe-genrules.sh for VN2VN mode - switch back to using fipvlan for bnx2fc - add timeout mechanism crypt: - add basic LUKS detached header support - escape backslashes for systemd unit names correctly - put block_uuid.map into initramfs dmraid: - do not delete partitions dasd_mod: - do not set module parameters if dasd_cio_free is not present nfs: - fix mount if IPv4 address is used in /etc/fstab - support host being a DNS ALIAS fips: - fixed creating path to .hmac of kernel based on BOOT_IMAGE - turn info calls into fips_info calls - modprobe failures during manual module loading is not fatal lunmask: - add module to handle LUN masking s390: - add rd.cio_accept dcssblk: - add new module for DCSS block devices zipl: - add new module to update s390x configuration iscsi: - no more iscsid, either iscsistart or iscsid integrity: - support loading x509 into the trusted/builtin .evm keyring - support X.509-only EVM configuration plymouth: - improve distro compatibility dracut-046 ========== dracut.sh: - bail out if module directory does not exist if people want to build the initramfs without kernel modules, then --no-kernel should be specified - add early microcode support for AMD family 16h - collect also all modaliases modules from sysfs for hostonly modules - sync initramfs after creation network: - wait for IPv6 RA if using none/static IPv6 assignment - ipv6 improvements - Handle curl using libnssckbi for TLS - fix dhcp classless_static_routes - dhclient: send client-identifier matching hardware address - don't arping for point-to-point connections - only bring up wired network interfaces (no wlan and wwan) mraid: - mdraid: wait for rd.md.uuid specified devices to be assembled crypt: - handle rd.luks.name crypt-gpg: - For GnuPG >= 2.1 support OpenPGP smartcards kernel-install: - Skip to create initrd if /etc/machine-id is missing or empty nfs: - handle rpcbind /run/rpcbind directory s390: - various fixes dmsquash-live: - add NTFS support multipath: - split out multipath-hostonly module lvmmerge: - new module, see README.md in the module directory dracut-systemd: - fixed dependencies dracut-045 ========== Important: dracut now requires libkmod for the dracut-install binary helper, which nows handles kernel module installing and filtering. dracut.sh: - restorecon final image file - fail hard, if we find modules and modules.dep is missing - support --tmpdir as a relative path - add default path for --uefi dracut-functions.sh: - fix check_vol_slaves() volume group name stripping dracut-install: - catch ldd message "cannot execute binary file" - added kernel module handling with libkmod Added parameters: --module,-m --mod-filter-path, -p --mod-filter-nopath, -P --mod-filter-symbol, -s --mod-filter-nosymbol, -S --mod-filter-noname, -N --silent --kerneldir --firmwaredirs - fallback to non-hostonly mode if lsmod fails lsinitrd: - new option "--unpack" - new option "--unpackearly" - and "--verbose" general initramfs fixes: - don't remove 99-cmdline-ask on 'hostonly' cleanup - call dracut-cmdline-ask.service, if /etc/cmdline.d/*.conf exists - break at switch_root only for bare rd.break - add rd.emergency=[reboot|poweroff|halt] specifies what action to execute in case of a critical failure - rd.memdebug=4 gives information, about kernel module memory consumption during loading dmsquash-live: - fixed livenet-generator execution flag and include only, if systemd is used - fixed dmsquash-live-root.sh for cases where the fstype of the liveimage is squashfs - fixed typo for rootfs.img - enable the use of the OverlayFS for the LiveOS root filesystem Patch notes: Integrate the option to use an OverlayFS as the root filesystem into the 90dmsquash-live module for testing purposes. The rd.live.overlay.overlayfs option allows one to request an OverlayFS overlay. If a persistent overlay is detected at the standard LiveOS path, the overlay & type detected will be used. Tested primarily with transient, in-RAM overlay boots on vfat- formatted Live USB devices, with persistent overlay directories on ext4-formatted Live USB devices, and with embedded, persistent overlay directories on vfat-formatted devices. (Persistent overlay directories on a vfat-formatted device must be in an embedded filesystem that supports the creation of trusted.* extended attributes, and must provide valid d_type in readdir responses.) The rd.live.overlay.readonly option, which allows a persistent overlayfs to be mounted read only through a higher level transient overlay directory, has been implemented through the multiple lower layers feature of OverlayFS. The default transient DM overlay size has been adjusted up to 32 GiB. This change supports comparison of transient Device-mapper vs. transient OverlayFS overlay performance. A transient DM overlay is a sparse file in memory, so this setting does not consume more RAM for legacy applications. It does permit a user to use all of the available root filesystem storage, and fails gently when it is consumed, as the available free root filesystem storage on a typical LiveOS build is only a few GiB. Thus, when booted on other- than-small RAM systems, the transient DM overlay should not overflow. OverlayFS offers the potential to use all of the available free RAM or all of the available free disc storage (on non-vfat-devices) in its overlay, even beyond the root filesystem available space, because the OverlayFS root filesystem is a union of directories on two different partitions. This patch also cleans up some message spew at shutdown, shortens the execution path in a couple of places, and uses persistent DM targets where required. dmraid: - added "nowatch" option in udev rule, otherwise udev would reread partitions for raid members - allow booting from degraded MD RAID arrays shutdown: - handle readonly /run on shutdown kernel-modules: - add all HID drivers, regardless of hostonly mode people swap keyboards sometimes and should be able to enter their disk password - add usb-storage To save the rdsosreport.txt to a USB stick, the usb-storage module is needed. - add xennet - add nvme systemd: - add /etc/machine-info - fixed systemd-escape call for names beginning with "-" - install missing drop-in configuration files for /etc/systemd/{journal.conf,system.conf} filesystems: - add support to F2FS filesystem (fsck and modules) network: - fix carrier detection - correctly set mac address for ip=...:<mtu>:<mac> - fixed vlan, bonding, bridging, team logic call ifup for the slaves and assemble afterwards - add mtu to list of variables to store in override - for rd.neednet=0 a bootdev is not needed anymore - dhclient-script.sh: add classless-static-routes support - support for iBFT IPv6 - support macaddr in brackets [] (commit 740c46c0224a187d6b5a42b4aa56e173238884cc) - use arping2, if available - support multiple default gateways from DHCP server - fixup VLAN handling - enhance team support - differ between ipv6 local and global tentative - ipv6: wait for a router advertised route - add 'mtu' parameter for bond options - use 'ip' instead of 'brctl' nbd: - add systemd generator - use export names instead of port numbers, because port number based exports are deprecated and were removed. fcoe: - no more /dev/shm state copying multipath: - check all /dev/mapper devices if they are multipath devices, not only mpath* fips: - fixed .hmac installation in FIPS mode plymouth: - also trigger the acpi subsystem syslog: - add imjournal.so to read systemd journal - move start from udev to initqueue/online caps: - make it a non default module livenet: - support nfs:// urls in livenet-generator nfs: - install all nfs modules non-hostonly crypt: - support keyfiles embedded in the initramfs testsuite: - add TEST-70-BONDBRIDGETEAMVLAN - make "-cpu host" the default dracut-044 ========== creation: - better udev & systemd dir detection - split dracut-functions.sh in dracut-init.sh and dracut-functions.sh dracut-functions.sh can now be sourced by external tools - detect all btrfs devices needed - added flag file if initqueue is needed - don't overwrite anything, if initramfs image file creation failed - if no compressor is specified, try to find a suitable one - drop scanning kernel config for CONFIG_MICROCODE_*_EARLY - remove "_EARLY" from CONFIG_MICROCODE_* checks - dracut.sh: add command line option for install_i18_all --no-hostonly-i18n -> install_i18n_all=yes --hostonly-i18n -> install_i18n_all=no - --no-reproducible to turn off reproducible mode - dracut-function.sh can now be sourced from outside of dracut - dracut-init.sh contains all functions, which only can be used from within the dracut infrastructure - support --mount with just mountpoint as a parameter - removed action_on_fail support - removed host_modalias concept - do not create microcode, if no firmware is available - skip gpg files in microcode generation initramfs: - ensure pre-mount (and resume) run before root fsck - add --online option to initqueue qemu: - fixed virtual machine detection lvm: - remove all quirk arguments for lvm >= 2.2.221 dmsquash: - fixup for checkisomd5 - increase timeout for checkisomd5 - use non-persistent metadata snapshots for transient overlays. - overflow support for persistent snapshot. - use non-persistent metadata snapshots. - avoid an overlay for persistent, uncompressed, read-write live installations. multipath: - multipath.conf included in hostonly mode - install all multipath path selector kernel modules iSCSI: - use the iBFT initiator name, if found and set - iscsid now present in the initramfs - iscsistart is done with systemd-run asynchrone to do things in paralllel. Also restarted for every new interface which shows up. - If rd.iscsi.waitnet (default) is set, iscsistart is done only after all interfaces are up. - If not all interfaces are up and rd.iscsi.testroute (default) is set, the route to a iscsi target IP is checked and skipped, if there is none. - If all things fail, we issue a "dummy" interface iscsiroot to retry everything in the initqueue/timeout. network: - added DHCP RENEW/REBIND - IPv4 DHCP lease time now optional (bootp) - IPv6 nfs parsing - fixed IPv6 route parsing - rd.peerdns=0 parameter to disable DHCP nameserver setting - detect duplicate IPv4 addresses for static addresses - if interfaces are specified with its enx* name, bind the correspondent MAC to the interface name - if multiple "ip=" are present on the kernel command line "rd.neednet=1" is assumed - add options to tweak timeouts rd.net.dhcp.retry=<cnt> If this option is set, dracut will try to connect via dhcp <cnt> times before failing. Default is 1. rd.net.timeout.dhcp=<arg> If this option is set, dhclient is called with "-timeout <arg>". rd.net.timeout.iflink=<seconds> Wait <seconds> until link shows up. Default is 60 seconds. rd.net.timeout.ifup=<seconds> Wait <seconds> until link has state "UP". Default is 20 seconds. rd.net.timeout.route=<seconds> Wait <seconds> until route shows up. Default is 20 seconds. rd.net.timeout.ipv6dad=<seconds> Wait <seconds> until IPv6 DAD is finished. Default is 50 seconds. rd.net.timeout.ipv6auto=<seconds> Wait <seconds> until IPv6 automatic addresses are assigned. Default is 40 seconds. rd.net.timeout.carrier=<seconds> Wait <seconds> until carrier is recognized. Default is 5 seconds. IMA: - load signed certificates in the IMA keyring, see modules.d/98integrity/README - load EVM public key in the kernel _evm keyring FCoE: fcoe: start with fcoemon instead of fipvlan dracut-043 ========== - add missing dmsquash-generator dracut-042 ========== - fixed dmsetup shutdown - new kernel command line option "rd.live.overlay.thin" This option changes the underlying mechanism for the overlay in the dmsquash module. Instead of a plain dm snapshot a dm thin snapshot is used. The advantage of the thin snapshot is, that the TRIM command is recognized, which means that at runtime, only the occupied blocks will be claimed from memory, and freed blocks will really be freed in ram. - dmsquash: Add squashfs support to rd.live.fsimg Previously rd.live.fsimg only supported filesystems residing in (compressed) archives. Now rd.live.fsimg can also be used when a squashfs image is used. This is achieved by extracting the rootfs image from the squashfs and then continue with the default routines for rd.live.fsimg. - lvm: add support for LVM system id - split up the systemd dracut module Basic systemd functionality is in 00systemd now. Switching root and the initrd.target is in 00systemd-initrd. Dracut additions to the systemd initrd are in 98dracut-systemd. - support for creating a UEFI boot executable via argument "--uefi" With an EFI stub, the kernel, the initramfs and a kernel cmdline can be glued together to a single UEFI executable, which can be booted by a UEFI BIOS. - network: split out kernel-network-modules, now in 90kernel-network-modules - support for ethernet point-to-point connections configured via DHCP - kernel-modules: install all HID drivers - dracut.pc pkg-config file - mount /dev, /dev/shm and /run noexec dracut-041 ========== - fixed the shutdown loop - fixed gzip compression for versions, which do not have --rsyncable - fixed ifcfg generation for persistent interface names - multipath: * new option to turn off multipath "rd.multipath=0" completly * preload scsi dh modules * start multipathd via systemd service - do not fail, if user pressed ESC during media check - fixed systemd-journal by symlinking /var/log to /run/initramfs/log - initrd-release moved to /usr/lib - lots of iSCSI fixes - new "rd.timeout" to specify the systemd JobTimeoutSec for devices - if $initrd/etc/cmdline.d/* has a "root=" and the kernel cmdline does not, generate a mount unit for it - increased the initqueue timeout for non systemd initramfs to 180s - $initrd/etc/cmdline.d/ hostonly files are now generated for NFS - make use of systemd-hibernate-resume, if available - fixed ldconfig parsing for hwcap output - network: add support for comma separated autoconf options like ip=eth0:auto6,dhcp - new parameter "rd.live.overlay.size" to specify the overlay for live images - changed the test suite for the new sfdisk syntax - added cache tools for dm-cache setups dracut-040 ========== - fixed dracut module dependency checks - fixed test suite dracut-039 ========== - DRACUT_PATH can now be used to specify the PATH used by dracut to search for binaries instead of the default /usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/bin This should be set in the distribution config file /usr/lib/dracut/dracut.conf.d/01-dist.conf - add "--loginstall <DIR>" and loginstall="<DIR>" options to record all files, which are installed from the host fs - "rd.writable.fsimg" - support for read/write filesystem images - "rd.route" kernel command line parameter added - "--install-optional" and install_optional_items added - find plymouth pkglibdir on debian - torrent support for live images root=live:torrent://example.com/liveboot.img.torrent and generally added as a download handler - disable microcode, if the kernel does not support it - speed up ldconfig_paths() - more ARM modules - fixed inst*() functions and "-H" handling - fixed bridge setup - added --force-drivers parameter and force_drivers=+ config option to enforce driver loading at early boot time - documented "iso-scan/filename" usage in grub - various bugfixes dracut-038 ========== - "rd.cmdline=ask" will ask the user on the console to enter additional kernel command line parameters - "rd.hostonly=0" removes all "hostonly" added custom files, which is useful in combination with "rd.auto" or other specific parameters, if you want to boot on the same hardware, but the compiled in configuration does not match your setup anymore - inst* functions and dracut-install now accept the "-H" flag, which logs all installed files to /lib/dracut/hostonly-files. This is used to remove those files, if rd.hostonly is given on the kernel command line - strstr now only does literal string match, please use strglob and strglobin for globs - fixed unpacking of the microcode image on shutdown - added systemd-gpt-auto-generator - fcoe: wait for lldpad to be ready - network: handle "ip=dhcp6" - network: DCHPv6: set valid_lft and preferred_lft - dm: support dm-cache - fstab: do not mount and fsck from fstab if using systemd - break at switch_root only for bare rd.break and not for any rd.break=... - nbd: make use of "--systemd-mark", otherwise it gets killed on switch_root - fcoe-uefi: fixed cmdline parameter generation - iscsi: deprecate "ip=ibft", use "rd.iscsi.ibft[=1]" from now on - "lsinitrd -m" now only lists the dracut modules of the image - a lot of small bugfixes dracut-037 ========== - dracut: hostonly_cmdline variable and command line switch Toggle hostonly cmdline storing in the initramfs --hostonly-cmdline: Store kernel command line arguments needed in the initramfs --no-hostonly-cmdline: Do not store kernel command line arguments needed in the initramfs - dracut: --mount now understands full fstab lines - dracut now also includes drivers from the /lib/modules/<version>/updates directory - dracut: only set the owner of files to 0:0, if generated as non-root - dracut now directly writes to the initramfs file - dracut: call lz4 with the legacy flag (linux kernel does not support the new format) - systemd: rootfs-generator generates JobTimeout=0 units for the root device - systemd: added the systemd-sysctl service - systemd: add 80-net-setup-link.rules and .link files for persistent interface renaming - systemd: make dracut-shutdown.service failure non-fatal - network: various IPv6 fixes - network: DCHCP for IPv6 - network: understand ip=.....:<dns1>:<dns2> - network: parse ibft nameserver settings - shutdown: if kexec fails, just reboot - lvm: handle one LV at a time with lvchange - module-setup.sh: New functions require_binaries() and require_any_binary() to be used in the check() section of module-setup.sh. - a lot of small bugfixes Contributions from: Harald Hoyer Alexander Tsoy Till Maas Amadeusz Żołnowski Brian C. Lane Colin Guthrie Dave Young WANG Chao Shawn W Dunn dracut-036 ========== - fixed skipcpio signature checking dracut-035 ========== - changed dracut tarball compression to xz - new argument "--rebuild" - add lzo, lz4 compression - install: install all binaries with <name> found in PATH - lsinitrd can now handle initramfs images with an early cpio prepended (microcode, ACPI tables) - mkinitrd-suse added as a compat stub for dracut - lvm: install thin utils for non-hostonly - resume: fix swap detection in hostonly - avoid loading unnecessary 32-bit libraries for 64-bit initrds - crypt: wait for systemd password agents - crypt: skip crypt swaps with password files - network: before doing dhcp, dracut now checks, if the link has a carrier - network: dhclient-script.sh now sets the lease time - network: include usbnet drivers - network: include all ethernet drivers - network: add rd.bootif=0 to ignore BOOTIF - i18n: introduce i18n_install_all, to install everything i18n related - support SuSE DASD configurations - support SuSE zfcp configurations - support SuSE compressed KEYMAP= setting - usrmount: always install the module, so always mount /usr from within the initramfs - test/TEST-17-LVM-THIN: new test case for lvm thin pools - "halt" the machine in systemd mode for die() dracut-034 ========== - do not run dhcp on parts of assembled network interfaces (bond, bridge) - add option to turn on/off prelinking --prelink, --noprelink do_prelink=[yes|no] - add ACPI table overriding - do not log to syslog/kmsg/journal for UID != 0 - lvm/mdraid: Fix LVM on MD activation - bcache module removed (now in bcache-tools upstream) - mdadm: also install configs from /etc/mdadm.conf.d - fixes for mdadm-3.2.6+ - mkinitrd: better compat support for SUSE - fcoe: add FCoE UEFI boot device support - rootfs-block: add support for the rootfallback= kernel cmdline option Contributions from: Thomas Renninger Alexander Tsoy Peter Rajnoha WANG Chao Harald Hoyer dracut-033 ========== - improved hostonly device recognition - improved hostonly module recognition - add dracut.css for dracut.html - do not install udev rules from /etc in generic mode - fixed LABEL= parsing for swap devices - fixed iBFT network setup - url-lib.sh: handle 0-size files with curl - dracut.asc: document debugging dracut on shutdown - if rd.md=0, use dmraid for imsm and ddf - skip empty dracut modules - removed caching of kernel cmdline - fixed iso-scan, if the loop device driver is a kernel module - bcache: support new blkid - fixed ifup udev rules - ifup with dhcp, if no "ip=" specified for the interface Contributions from: WANG Chao Colin Walters Harald Hoyer dracut-032 ========== - add parameter --print-cmdline This prints the kernel command line parameters for the current disk layout. $ dracut --print-cmdline rd.luks.uuid=luks-e68c8906-6542-4a26-83c4-91b4dd9f0471 rd.lvm.lv=debian/root rd.lvm.lv=debian/usr root=/dev/mapper/debian-root rootflags=rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,user_xattr,barrier=1,data=ordered rootfstype=ext4 - dracut.sh: add --persistent-policy option and persistent_policy conf option --persistent-policy <policy>: Use <policy> to address disks and partitions. <policy> can be any directory name found in /dev/disk. E.g. "by-uuid", "by-label" - dracut now creates the initramfs without udevadm that means the udev database does not have to populated and the initramfs can be built in a chroot with /sys /dev /proc mounted - renamed dracut_install() to inst_multiple() for consistent naming - if $libdirs is unset, fall back to ld.so.cache paths - always assemble /usr device in initramfs - bash module added (disable it, if you really want dash) - continue to boot, if the main loop times out, in systemd mode - removed inst*() shell pure versions, dracut-install binary is in charge now - fixed ifcfg file generation for vlan - do not include adjtime and localtime anymore - fixed generation of zfcp.conf of CMS setups - install vt102 terminfo dracut_install() is still there for backwards compat - do not strip files in FIPS mode - fixed iBFT interface configuration - fs-lib: install fsck and fsck.ext* - shutdown: fixed killall_proc_mountpoint() - network: also wait for ethernet interfaces to setup - fixed checking for FIPS mode Contributions from: Harald Hoyer WANG Chao Baoquan He Daniel Schaal Dave Young James Lee Radek Vykydal dracut-031 ========== - do not include the resume dracut module in hostonly mode, if no swap is present - don't warn twice about omitted modules - use systemd-cat for logging on systemd systems, if logfile is unset - fixed PARTUUID parsing - support kernel module signing keys - do not install the usrmount dracut module in hostonly mode, if /sbin/init does not live in /usr - add debian udev rule files - add support for bcache - network: handle bootif style interfaces e.g. ip=77-77-6f-6f-64-73:dhcp - add support for kmod static devnodes - add vlan support for iBFT Contributions from: Harald Hoyer Amadeusz Żołnowski Brandon Philips Colin Walters James Lee Kyle McMartin Peter Jones dracut-030 ========== - support new persistent network interface names - fix findmnt calls, prevents hang on stale NFS mounts - add systemd.slice and slice.target units - major shell cleanup - support root=PARTLABEL= and root=PARTUUID= - terminfo: only install l/linux v/vt100 and v/vt220 - unset all LC_* and LANG, 10% faster - fixed dependency loop for dracut-cmdline.service - do not wait_for_dev for the root devices - do not wait_for_dev for devices, if dracut-initqueue is not needed - support early microcode loading with --early-microcode - dmraid, let dmraid setup its own partitions - sosreport renamed to rdsosreport Contributions from: Harald Hoyer Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk WANG Chao dracut-029 ========== - wait for IPv6 autoconfiguration - i18n: make the default font configurable To set the default font for your distribution, add i18n_default_font="latarcyrheb-sun16" to your /lib/dracut/dracut.conf.d/01-dist.conf distribution config. - proper handle "rd.break" in systemd mode before switch-root - systemd: make unit files symlinks - build without dash requirement - add dracut-shutdown.service.8 manpage - handle MACs for "ip=" "ip=77-77-6f-6f-64-73:dhcp" - don't explode when mixing BOOTIF and ip= - 90lvm/module-setup.sh: redirect error message of lvs to /dev/null Contributions from: Harald Hoyer Will Woods Baoquan He dracut-028 ========== - full integration of crypto devs in systemd logic - support for bridge over team and vlan tagged team - support multiple bonding interfaces - new kernel command line param "rd.action_on_fail" to control the emergency action - support for bridge over a vlan tagged interface - support for "iso-scan/filename" kernel parameter - lsinitrd got some love and does not use "file" anymore - fixed issue with noexec mounted tmp dirs - FIPS mode fixed - dracut_install got some love - fixed some /usr mounting problems - ifcfg dracut module got some love and fixes - default installed font is now latarcyrheb-sun16 - new parameters rd.live.dir and rd.live.squashimg - lvm: add tools for thin provisioning - also install non-hwcap libs - setup correct system time and time zone in initrd - s390: fixed cms setup - add systemd-udevd persistent network interface naming Contributions from: Harald Hoyer Kamil Rytarowski WANG Chao Baoquan He Adam Williamson Colin Guthrie Dan Horák Dave Young Dennis Gilmore Dennis Schridde dracut-027 ========== - dracut now has bash-completion - require bash version 4 - systemd module now requires systemd >= 199 - dracut makes use of native systemd initrd units - added hooks for new-kernel-pkg and kernel-install - hostonly is now default for fedora - comply with the BootLoaderSpec paths http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Specifications/BootLoaderSpec - added rescue module - host_fs_types is now a hashmap - new dracut argument "--regenerate-all" - new dracut argument "--noimageifnotneeded" - new man page dracut.bootup - install all host filesystem drivers - use -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 to build dracut-install dracut-026 ========== - introduce /usr/lib/dracut/dracut.conf.d/ drop-in directory /usr/lib/dracut/dracut.conf.d/*.conf can be overwritten by the same filenames in /etc/dracut.conf.d. Packages should use /usr/lib/dracut/dracut.conf.d rather than /etc/dracut.conf.d for drop-in configuration files. /etc/dracut.conf and /etc/dracut.conf.d belong to the system administrator. - uses systemd-198 native initrd units - totally rely on the fstab-generator in systemd mode for block devices - dracut systemd now uses dracut.target rather than basic.target - dracut systemd services optimize themselves away - fixed hostonly parameter generation - turn off curl globbing (fixes IPv6) - modify the udev rules on install and not runtime time - enable initramfs building without kernel modules (fixed regression) - in the initqueue/timeout, reset the main loop counter, as we see new udev events or initqueue/work - fixed udev rule installation dracut-025 ========== - do not strip signed kernel modules - add sosreport script and generate /run/initramfs/sosreport.txt - make short uuid specification for allow-discards work - turn off RateLimit for the systemd journal - fixed MAC address assignment - add systemd checkisomd5 service - splitout drm kernel modules from plymouth module - add 'swapoff' to initramfs to fix shutdown/reboot - add team device support - add pre-shutdown hook - kill all processes in shutdown and report remaining ones - "--device" changed to "--add-device" and "add_device=" added for conf files - add memory usage trace to different hook points - cope with optional field #7 in /proc/self/mountinfo - lots of small bugfixes dracut-024 ========== - new dracut option "--device" - new dracut kernel command line options "rd.auto" - new dracut kernel command line options "rd.noverifyssl" - new dracut option "--kernel-cmdline" and "kernel_cmdline" option for default parameters - fixes for systemd and crypto - fix for kexec in shutdown, if not included in initramfs - create the initramfs non-world readable - prelink/preunlink in the initramfs - strip binaries in the initramfs by default now - various FIPS fixes - various dracut-install fixes dracut-023 ========== - resume from hibernate fixes - -N option for --no-hostonly - support for systemd crypto handling - new dracut module "crypt-loop" - deprecate the old kernel command line options - more documentation - honor CFLAGS for dracut-install build - multipath fixes - / is mounted according to rootflags parameter but forced ro at first. Later it is remounted according to /etc/fstab + rootflags parameter and "ro"/"rw". - support for xfs / reiserfs separate journal device - new "ro_mnt" option to force ro mount of / and /usr - root on cifs support - dracut-install: fixed issue for /var/tmp containing a symlink - only lazy resolve with ldd, if the /var/tmp partition is not mounted with "noexec" - i18n: fixed inclusion of "include" keymaps dracut-022 ========== - fixed host-only kernel module bug dracut-021 ========== - fixed systemd in the initramfs (requires systemd >= 187) - dracut-install: massive speedup with /var on the same filesystem with COW copy - dracut-install: moved to /usr/lib/dracut until it becomes a general purpose tool - new options: "rd.usrmount.ro" and "rd.skipfsck" - less mount/umount - apply "ro" on the kernel command line also to /usr - mount according to fstab, if neither "ro" or "rw" is specified - skip fsck for xfs and btrfs. remount is enough - give emergency_shell if /usr mount failed - dracut now uses getopt: * options can be position independent now!! * we can now use --option=<arg> - added option "--kver=<kernel-version>", and the image location can be omitted # dracut --kver 3.5.0-0.rc7.git1.2.fc18.x86_64 - dracut.sh: for --include copy also the symbolic links - man pages: lsinitrd and mkinitrd added - network: We do not support renaming in the kernel namespace anymore (as udev does that not anymore). So, if a user wants to use ifname, he has to rename to a custom namespace. "eth[0-9]+" is not allowed anymore. !!!!! - resume: moved the resume process to the initqueue. This should prevent accidently mounting the root file system. - testsuite: add support for: make V=1 TESTS="01 20 40" check $ sudo make V=1 clean check now runs the testsuite in verbose mode $ sudo make TESTS="01 20 40" clean check now only runs the 01, 20 and 40 tests. dracut-020 ========== - changed rd.dasd kernel parameter - arm kernel modules added to kernel-modules - make udevdir systemdutildir systemdsystemunitdir global vars your distribution should ship those settings in /etc/dracut.conf.d/01-distro.conf see dracut.conf.d/fedora.conf.example - kernel modules are now only handled with /sys/modules and modules.dep - systemd fixups - mdraid: wait for md devices to be clean, before shutdown - ifup fixed for ipv6 - add PARTUUID as root=PARTUUID=<partition uuid> parameter - fixed instmods() return code and set pipefail globally - add 04watchdog dracut module - dracut-shutdown.service: fixed ordering to be before shutdown.target - make use of "ln -r" instead of shell functions, if new coreutils is installed - network: support vlan tagged bonding - new dracut module qemu and qemu-net to install all kernel driver - fs-lib/fs-lib.sh: removed test mounting of btrfs and xfs - no more "mknod" in the initramfs!! - replaced all "tr" calls with "sed" - speedup with lazy kernel module dependency resolving - lots of speedup optimizations and last but not least - dracut-install: - new binary to significanlty speedup the installation process - dracut-functions.sh makes use of it, if installed dracut-019 ========== - initqueue/online hook - fixes for ifcfg write out - rootfs-block: avoid remount when options don't change - Debian multiarch support - virtfs root filesystem support - cope with systemd-udevd - mount tmpfs with strictatime - include all kernel/drivers/net/phy drivers - add debug_on() and debug_off() functions - add arguments for source_hook() and source_all() - cleanup hook - plymouth: get consoledev from /sys/class/tty/console/active - experimental systemd dracut module for systemd in the initramfs - install xhci-hcd kernel module - dracut: new "--mount" option - lsinitrd: new option --printsize - ARM storage kernel modules added - s390 cms conf file support - /etc/initrd-release in the initrd - vlan support - full bonding and bridge support - removed scsi_wait_scan kernel module from standard install - support rd.luks.allow-discards and honor options in crypttab - lots of bugfixes dracut-018 ========== - lvm: ignore lvm mirrors - lsinitrd: handle LZMA images - iscsi: add rd.iscsi.param - iscsi: add iscsi interface binding - new module cms to read and handle z-Series cms config files - fixed fstab.sys handling - new dracut option "--tmpdir" - new dracut option "--no-hostonly" - nbd: name based nbd connects - converted manpage and documentation source to asciidoc - write-ifcfg fixes and cleanups - ifup is now done in the initqueue - netroot cleanup - initqueue/online is now for hooks, which require network - no more /tmp/root.info - 98pollcdrom: factored out the ugly cdrom polling in the main loop - simplified rd.luks.uuid testing - removed "egrep" and "ls" calls - speedup kernel module installation - make bzip2 optional - lots of bugfixes dracut-017 ========== - a _lot_ faster than dracut-016 in image creation - systemd service dracut-shutdown.service - livenet fixes - ssh-client module install fix - root=iscsi:... fixed - lots of restructuring and optimizing in dracut-functions.sh - usrmount: honor fs_passno in /etc/fstab - renamed all shell scripts to .sh - new option "--omit-drivers" and config option "omit_drivers" - hostonly mode fixups dracut-016 ========== - fixed lsinitrd - honor binaries in sbin first - fixed usrmount module - added systemd service for shutdown - fixed terminfo on distros with /usr/share/terminfo - reload udev rules after "pre-trigger" hook - improved test suite - new parameter "--omit-drivers" and new conf param omit_drivers - "--offroot" support for mdraid - new libs: net-lib.sh, nfs-lib.sh, url-lib.sh, img-lib.sh full of functions to use in your dracut module dracut-015 ========== - hostonly mode automatically adds command line options for root and /usr - --add-fstab --mount parameters - ssh-client module - --ctty option: add job control - cleanup /run/initramfs - convertfs module - /sbin/ifup can be called directly - support kernel modules compressed with xz - s390 iscsi modules added - terminfo module - lsinitrd can handle concatened images - lsinitrd can sort by size dracut-014 ========== - new dracut arguments: --lvmconf --nolvmconf --fscks [LIST] --nofscks - new .conf options: install_items fscks nofscks - new kernel options: rd.md.ddf rd.md.waitclean plymouth.enable - dracut move from /sbin to /usr/bin - dracut modules dir moved from /usr/share/dracut to /usr/lib/dracut - profiling with "dracut --profile" - new TEST-16-DMSQUASH, test for Fedora LiveCDs - speedup of initramfs creation - ask_for_password fallback to CLI - mdraid completely switched to incremental assembly - no more cdrom polling - "switch_root" breakpoint is now very late - /dev/live is gone - /dev/root is gone - fs-lib dracut module for fscks added - xen dracut module removed - usb mass storage kernel drivers now included - usrmount dracut module added: mount /usr if found in /sysroot/etc/fstab - only include fsck helper needed for hostonly - fcoe: support for bnx2fc - support iSCSI drivers: qla4xxx, cxgb3i, cxgb4i, bnx2i, be2iscsi - fips-aesni dracut module added - add install_items to dracut.conf install_items+=" <file>[ <file> ...] " - speedup internal testsuite - internal testsuite: store temporary data in a temporary dir dracut-013 ========== - speedup of initramfs creation - fixed inst_dir for symbolic links - add unix kernel module dracut-012 ========== - better fsck handling - fixed wait condition for LVM volumes - fix for hardlinks (welcome Debian! :-) - shutdown bugfixes - automatic busybox symlink creation - try to mount /usr, if init points to a path in /usr - btrfs with multiple devices - "--force-add" option for dracut, to force-add dracut modules, without hostonly checks - lsinitrd also display the initramfs size in human readable form - livenet module, to mount live-isos over http - masterkey,ecryptfs,integrity security modules - initqueue/timeout queue e.g. for starting degraded raids - "make rpm" creates an rpm with an increasing release number from any git checkout - support lvm mirrors - start degraded lvm mirrors after a timeout - start degraded md raids after a timeout - getarg() now returns wildcards without file matching to the current fs - lots of bugfixes dracut-011 ========== - use udev-168 features for shutting down udev - introduce "--prefix" to put all initramfs files in e.g "/run/initramfs" - new shutdown script (called by systemd >= 030) to disassemble the root device - lots of bugfixes - new module for gpg-encrypted keys - 91crypt-gpg dracut-010 ========== - lots of bugfixes - plymouth: use /run/plymouth/pid instead of /run/initramfs/plymouth - add "/lib/firmware/updates" to default firmware path dracut-009 ========== - dracut generator - dracut-logger - xz compression - better argument handling - initramfs - hooks moved to /lib/dracut/hooks in initramfs - rd.driver.{blacklist|pre|post} accept comma separated driver list - iSCSI: iSCSI Boot Firmware Table (iBFT) support - support for /run - live image: support for generic rootfs.img (instead of ext3fs.img) - caps module - FCoE: EDD support dracut-008 ========== - removed --ignore-kernel-modules option (no longer necessary) - renamed kernel command line arguments to follow the rd. naming scheme - merged check, install, installkernel to module-setup.sh - support for bzip2 and xz compressed initramfs images. - source code beautification - lots of documentation - lsinitrd: "catinitrd" functionality - dracut: --list-modules - lvm: support for dynamic LVM SNAPSHOT root volume - 95fstab-sys: mount all /etc/fstab.sys volumes before switch_root - 96insmodpost dracut module - rd.shell=1 per default - rootfs-block:mount-root.sh add fsck - busybox shell replacements module - honor old "real_init=" - 97biosdevname dracut module dracut-007 ========== - module i18n is no longer fedora/red hat specific (Amadeusz Żołnowski) - distribution specific conf file - bootchartd support - debug module now has fsck - use "hardlink", if available, to save some space - /etc/dracut.conf can be overwritten by settings in /etc/dracut.conf.d/*.conf - gentoo splash module - --ignore-kernel-modules option - crypto keys on external devices support - bugfixes dracut-006 ========== - fixed mdraid with IMSM - fixed dracut manpages - dmraid parse different error messages - add cdrom polling mechanism for slow cdroms - add module btrfs - add btrfsctl scan for btrfs multi-devices (raid) - teach dmsquash live-root to use rootflags - trigger udev with action=add - fixed add_drivers handling - add sr_mod - use pigz instead of gzip, if available - boot from LVM mirrors and snapshots - iscsi: add support for multiple netroot=iscsi: - Support old version of module-init-tools - got rid of rdnetdebug - fixed "ip=auto6" - dracut.conf: use "+=" as default for config variables - bugfixes dracut-005 ========== - dcb support to dracut's FCoE support - add readonly overlay support for dmsquash - add keyboard kernel modules - dracut.conf: added add_dracutmodules - add /etc/dracut.conf.d - add preliminary IPv6 support - bugfixes dracut-004 ========== - dracut-lib: read multiple lines from $init/etc/cmdline - lsinitrd and mkinitrd - dmsquash: add support for loopmounted *.iso files - lvm: add rd_LVM_LV and "--poll n" - user suspend support - add additional drivers in host-only mode, too - improved emergency shell - support for compressed kernel modules - support for loading Xen modules - rdloaddriver kernel command line parameter - man pages for dracut-catimages and dracut-gencmdline - bugfixes dracut-003 ========== - add debian package modules - add dracut.conf manpage - add module 90multipath - add module 01fips - crypt: ignore devices in /etc/crypttab (root is not in there) unless rd_NO_CRYPTTAB is specified - kernel-modules: add scsi_dh scsi_dh_rdac scsi_dh_emc - add multinic support - add s390 zfcp support - add s390 dasd support - add s390 network support - fixed dracut-gencmdline for root=UUID or LABEL - do not destroy assembled raid arrays if mdadm.conf present - mount /dev/shm - let udevd not resolve group and user names - moved network from udev to initqueue - improved debug output: specifying "rdinitdebug" now logs to dmesg, console and /init.log - strip kernel modules which have no x bit set - redirect stdin, stdout, stderr all RW to /dev/console so the user can use "less" to view /init.log and dmesg - add new device mapper udev rules and dmeventd - fixed dracut-gencmdline for root=UUID or LABEL - do not destroy assembled raid arrays if mdadm.conf present - mount /dev/shm - let udevd not resolve group and user names - preserve timestamps of tools on initramfs generation - generate symlinks for binaries correctly - moved network from udev to initqueue - mount nfs3 with nfsvers=3 option and retry with nfsvers=2 - fixed nbd initqueue-finished - improved debug output: specifying "rdinitdebug" now logs to dmesg, console and /init.log - strip kernel modules which have no x bit set - redirect stdin, stdout, stderr all RW to /dev/console so the user can use "less" to view /init.log and dmesg - make install of new dm/lvm udev rules optionally - add new device mapper udev rules and dmeventd - Fix LiveCD boot regression - bail out if selinux policy could not be loaded and selinux=0 not specified on kernel command line - do not cleanup dmraids - copy over lvm.conf dracut-002 ========== - add ifname= argument for persistent netdev names - new /initqueue-finished to check if the main loop can be left - copy mdadm.conf if --mdadmconf set or mdadmconf in dracut.conf - plymouth: use plymouth-populate-initrd - add add_drivers for dracut and dracut.conf - add modprobe scsi_wait_scan to be sure everything was scanned - fix for several problems with md raid containers - fix for selinux policy loading - fix for mdraid for IMSM - fix for bug, which prevents installing 61-persistent-storage.rules (bug #520109) - fix for missing grep for md dracut-001 ========== - better --hostonly checks - better lvm/mdraid/dmraid handling - fcoe booting support Supported cmdline formats: fcoe=<networkdevice>:<dcb|nodcb> fcoe=<macaddress>:<dcb|nodcb> Note currently only nodcb is supported, the dcb option is reserved for future use. Note letters in the macaddress must be lowercase! Examples: fcoe=eth0:nodcb fcoe=4A:3F:4C:04:F8:D7:nodcb - Syslog support for dracut This module provides syslog functionality in the initrd. This is especially interesting when complex configuration being used to provide access to the device the rootfs resides on. dracut-0.9 ========== - let plymouth attach to the terminal (nice text output now) - new kernel command line parameter "rdinfo" show dracut output, even when "quiet" is specified - rd_LUKS_UUID is now handled correctly - dracut-gencmdline: rd_LUKS_UUID and rd_MD_UUID is now correctly generated - now generates initrd-generic with around 15MB - smaller bugfixes dracut-0.8 ========== - iSCSI with username and password - support for live images (dmsquashed live images) - iscsi_firmware fixes - smaller images - bugfixes dracut-0.7 ========== - dracut: strip binaries in initramfs --strip strip binaries in the initramfs (default) --nostrip do not strip binaries in the initramfs - dracut-catimages Usage: ./dracut-catimages [OPTION]... <initramfs> <base image> [<image>...] Creates initial ramdisk image by concatenating several images from the command line and /boot/dracut/ -f, --force Overwrite existing initramfs file. -i, --imagedir Directory with additional images to add (default: /boot/dracut/) -o, --overlaydir Overlay directory, which contains files that will be used to create an additional image --nooverlay Do not use the overlay directory --noimagedir Do not use the additional image directory -h, --help This message --debug Output debug information of the build process -v, --verbose Verbose output during the build process - s390 dasd support dracut-0.6 ========== - dracut: add --kernel-only and --no-kernel arguments --kernel-only only install kernel drivers and firmware files --no-kernel do not install kernel drivers and firmware files All kernel module related install commands moved from "install" to "installkernel". For "--kernel-only" all installkernel scripts of the specified modules are used, regardless of any checks, so that all modules which might be needed by any dracut generic image are in. The basic idea is to create two images. One image with the kernel modules and one without. So if the kernel changes, you only have to replace one image. Grub and the kernel can handle multiple images, so grub entry can look like this: title Fedora (2.6.29.5-191.fc11.i586) root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.29.5-191.fc11.i586 ro rhgb quiet initrd /initrd-20090722.img /initrd-kernel-2.6.29.5-191.fc11.i586.img /initrd-config.img initrd-20090722.img the image provided by the initrd rpm one old backup version is kept like with the kernel initrd-kernel-2.6.29.5-191.fc11.i586.img the image provided by the kernel rpm initrd-config.img optional image with local configuration files - dracut: add --kmoddir directory, where to look for kernel modules -k, --kmoddir [DIR] specify the directory, where to look for kernel modules dracut-0.5 ========== - more generic (all plymouth modules, all keyboards, all console fonts) - more kernel command line parameters (see also man dracut(8)) - a helper tool, which generates the kernel command line (dracut-gencmdline) - bridged network boot - a lot of new command line parameter dracut-0.4 ========== - bugfixes - firmware loading support - new internal queue (initqueue) initqueue now loops until /dev/root exists or root is mounted init now has the following points to inject scripts: /cmdline/*.sh scripts for command line parsing /pre-udev/*.sh scripts to run before udev is started /pre-trigger/*.sh scripts to run before the main udev trigger is pulled /initqueue/*.sh runs in parallel to the udev trigger Udev events can add scripts here with /sbin/initqueue. If /sbin/initqueue is called with the "--onetime" option, the script will be removed after it was run. If /initqueue/work is created and udev >= 143 then this loop can process the jobs in parallel to the udevtrigger. If the udev queue is empty and no root device is found or no root filesystem was mounted, the user will be dropped to a shell after a timeout. Scripts can remove themselves from the initqueue by "rm $job". /pre-mount/*.sh scripts to run before the root filesystem is mounted NFS is an exception, because it has no device node to be created and mounts in the udev events /mount/*.sh scripts to mount the root filesystem NFS is an exception, because it has no device node to be created and mounts in the udev events If the udev queue is empty and no root device is found or no root filesystem was mounted, the user will be dropped to a shell after a timeout. /pre-pivot/*.sh scripts to run before the real init is executed and the initramfs disappears All processes started before should be killed here. The behaviour of the dmraid module demonstrates how to use the new mechanism. If it detects a device which is part of a raidmember from a udev rule, it installs a job to scan for dmraid devices, if the udev queue is empty. After a scan, it removes itsself from the queue. dracut-0.3 ========== - first public version PK ["\lpFF}' }' HACKING.mdnu �[��� # Dracut Developer Guidelines ## git Currently dracut lives on github.com and kernel.org. * https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut.git * https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/boot/dracut/dracut.git Pull requests should be filed preferably on github nowadays. ### Code Format It is recommended, that you install a plugin for your editor, which reads in `.editorconfig`. Additionally `emacs` and `vim` config files are provided for convenience. To reformat C files use `astyle`: ```console $ astyle --options=.astylerc <FILE> ``` For convenience there is also a Makefile `indent-c` target `make indent-c`. To reformat shell files use `shfmt`: ```console $ shfmt_version=3.2.4 $ wget "https://github.com/mvdan/sh/releases/download/v${shfmt_version}/shfmt_v${shfmt_version}_linux_amd64" -O shfmt $ chmod u+x shfmt $ ./shfmt -w -s . ``` or ```console $ GO111MODULE=on go get mvdan.cc/sh/v3/cmd/shfmt $ $GOPATH/bin/shfmt -w -s . ``` or if `shfmt` is already in your `PATH`, use `make indent`. Some IDEs already have support for shfmt. For convenience the `make indent` Makefile target also calls shfmt, if it is in `$PATH`. ### Commit Messages Commit messages should answer these questions: * What?: a short summary of what you changed in the subject line. * Why?: what the intended outcome of the change is (arguably the most important piece of information that should go into a message). * How?: if multiple approaches for achieving your goal were available, you also want to explain why you chose the used implementation strategy. Note that you should not explain how your change achieves your goal in your commit message. That should be obvious from the code itself. If you cannot achieve that clarity with the used programming language, use comments within the code instead. The commit message is primarily the place for documenting the why. Commit message titles should follow [Conventional Commits](https://www.conventionalcommits.org/en/v1.0.0/). Format is `<type>[optional scope]: <description>`, where `type` is one of: * fix: A bug fix * feat: A new feature * perf: A code change that improves performance * refactor: A code change that neither fixes a bug nor adds a feature * style: Changes that do not affect the meaning of the code (white-space, formatting, missing semi-colons, etc) * test: Adding missing tests or correcting existing tests * docs: Documentation only changes * revert: Reverts a previous commit * chore: Other changes that don't modify src or test files * build: Changes that affect the build system or external dependencies (example scopes: gulp, broccoli, npm) * ci: Changes to our CI configuration files and scripts (example scopes: Travis, Circle, BrowserStack, SauceLabs) `scope` should be the module name (without numbers) or: * cli: for the dracut command line interface * rt: for the dracut initramfs runtime logic * functions: for general purpose dracut functions Commit messages are checked with [Commisery](https://github.com/tomtom-international/commisery). ## Writing modules Some general rules for writing modules: * Use one of the inst family of functions to actually install files on to the initramfs. They handle mangling the pathnames and (for binaries, scripts, and kernel modules) installing dependencies as appropriate so you do not have to. * Scripts that end up on the initramfs should be POSIX compliant. dracut will try to use /bin/dash as /bin/sh for the initramfs if it is available, so you should install it on your system -- dash aims for strict POSIX compliance to the extent possible. * Hooks MUST be POSIX compliant -- they are sourced by the init script, and having a bashism break your user's ability to boot really sucks. * Generator modules should have a two digit numeric prefix -- they run in ascending sort order. Anything in the 90-99 range is stuff that dracut relies on, so try not to break those hooks. * Hooks must have a .sh extension. * Generator modules are described in more detail later on. * We have some breakpoints for debugging your hooks. If you pass 'rdbreak' as a kernel parameter, the initramfs will drop to a shell just before switching to a new root. You can pass 'rdbreak=hookpoint', and the initramfs will break just before hooks in that hookpoint run. Also, there is an attempt to keep things as distribution-agnostic as possible. Every distribution has their own tool here and it's not something which is really interesting to have separate across them. So contributions to help decrease the distro-dependencies are welcome. Most of the functionality that dracut implements are actually implemented by dracut modules. dracut modules live in modules.d, and have the following structure: ``` dracut_install_dir/modules.d/ 00modname/ module-setup.sh check <other files as needed by the hook> ``` `00modname`: The name of the module prefixed by a two-digit numeric sort code. The numeric code must be present and in the range of 00 - 99. Modules with lower numbers are installed first. This is important because the dracut install functions (which install files onto the initrd) refuse to overwrite already installed files. This makes it easy for an earlier module to override the functionality of a later module, so that you can have a distro or system specific module override or modify the functionality of a generic module without having to patch the more generic module. `module-setup.sh`: dracut sources this script to install the functionality that a module implements onto the initrd. For the most part, this amounts to copying files from the host system onto the initrd in a controlled manner. `install()`: This function of module-setup.sh is called to install all non-kernel files. dracut supplies several install functions that are specialized for different file types. Browse through dracut-functions fore more details. dracut also provides a $moddir variable if you need to install a file from the module directory, such as an initrd hook, a udev rule, or a specialized executable. `installkernel()`: This function of module-setup.sh is called to install all kernel related files. `check()`: dracut calls this function to check and see if a module can be installed on the initrd. When called without options, check should check to make sure that any files it needs to install into the initrd from the host system are present. It should exit with a 0 if they are, and a 1 if they are not. When called with $hostonly set, it should perform the same check that it would without it set, and it should also check to see if the functionality the module implements is being used on the host system. For example, if this module handles installing support for LUKS encrypted volumes, it should return 0 if all the tools to handle encrpted volumes are available and the host system has the root partition on an encrypted volume, 1 otherwise. `depends()`: This function should output a list of dracut modules that it relies upon. An example would be the nfs and iscsi modules, which rely on the network module to detect and configure network interfaces. Any other files in the module will not be touched by dracut directly. You are encouraged to provide a README that describes what the module is for. ### Hooks init has the following hook points to inject scripts: `/lib/dracut/hooks/cmdline/*.sh` scripts for command line parsing `/lib/dracut/hooks/pre-udev/*.sh` scripts to run before udev is started `/lib/dracut/hooks/pre-trigger/*.sh` scripts to run before the main udev trigger is pulled `/lib/dracut/hooks/initqueue/*.sh` runs in parallel to the udev trigger Udev events can add scripts here with /sbin/initqueue. If /sbin/initqueue is called with the "--onetime" option, the script will be removed after it was run. If /lib/dracut/hooks/initqueue/work is created and udev >= 143 then this loop can process the jobs in parallel to the udevtrigger. If the udev queue is empty and no root device is found or no root filesystem was mounted, the user will be dropped to a shell after a timeout. Scripts can remove themselves from the initqueue by "rm $job". `/lib/dracut/hooks/pre-mount/*.sh` scripts to run before the root filesystem is mounted Network filesystems like NFS that do not use device files are an exception. Root can be mounted already at this point. `/lib/dracut/hooks/mount/*.sh` scripts to mount the root filesystem If the udev queue is empty and no root device is found or no root filesystem was mounted, the user will be dropped to a shell after a timeout. `/lib/dracut/hooks/pre-pivot/*.sh` scripts to run before latter initramfs cleanups `/lib/dracut/hooks/cleanup/*.sh` scripts to run before the real init is executed and the initramfs disappears All processes started before should be killed here. ## Testsuite ### Rootless in a container with podman ```console $ cd <DRACUT_SOURCE> $ podman pull [CONTAINER] $ podman run --rm -it \ --cap-add=SYS_PTRACE --user 0 \ -v /dev:/dev -v ./:/dracut:z \ [CONTAINER] \ bash -l # cd /dracut # ./configure # make -j $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) # cd test # make V=1 SKIP="16 60 61" clean check ``` with `[CONTAINER]` being one of the [github `dracutdevs` containers](https://github.com/orgs/dracutdevs/packages), e.g. `ghcr.io/dracutdevs/fedora:latest`. ### On bare metal For the testsuite to pass, you will have to install at least the software packages mentioned in the `test/container` Dockerfiles. ``` $ sudo make clean check ``` in verbose mode: ``` $ sudo make V=1 clean check ``` only specific test: ``` $ sudo make TESTS="01 20 40" clean check ``` only runs the 01, 20 and 40 tests. debug a specific test case: ``` $ cd TEST-01-BASIC $ sudo make clean setup run ``` ... change some kernel parameters in `test.sh` ... ``` $ sudo make run ``` to run the test without doing the setup. 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Guðmundsson <johannbg@gmail.com> Amadeusz Żołnowski <aidecoe@aidecoe.name> Daniel Molkentin <daniel.molkentin@suse.com> Hannes Reinecke <hare@suse.com> Kairui Song <kasong@redhat.com> Will Woods <wwoods@redhat.com> Philippe Seewer <philippe.seewer@bfh.ch> Warren Togami <wtogami@redhat.com> Dave Young <dyoung@redhat.com> Jeremy Katz <katzj@redhat.com> Antonio Alvarez Feijoo <antonio.feijoo@suse.com> Lukas Nykryn <lnykryn@redhat.com> David Dillow <dave@thedillows.org> Lubomir Rintel <lkundrak@v3.sk> Michal Soltys <soltys@ziu.info> Colin Guthrie <colin@mageia.org> Martin Wilck <mwilck@suse.de> Amerigo Wang <amwang@redhat.com> Thomas Renninger <trenn@suse.com> Alexander Tsoy <alexander@tsoy.me> Frederick Grose <fgrose@sugarlabs.org> Laszlo Gombos <laszlo.gombos@gmail.com> WANG Chao <chaowang@redhat.com> Beniamino Galvani <bgalvani@redhat.com> Yu Watanabe <watanabe.yu+github@gmail.com> Andrey Borzenkov <arvidjaar@gmail.com> Peter Robinson <pbrobinson@fedoraproject.org> David Disseldorp <ddiss@suse.de> Hans de Goede <hdegoede@redhat.com> Jonathan Lebon <jonathan@jlebon.com> Frantisek Sumsal <frantisek@sumsal.cz> Peter Jones <pjones@redhat.com> Thomas Blume <thomas.blume@suse.com> Andreas Thienemann <andreas@bawue.net> David Tardon <dtardon@redhat.com> Renaud Métrich <rmetrich@redhat.com> Tomasz Paweł Gajc <tpgxyz@gmail.com> Fabian Vogt <fvogt@suse.com> Nicolas Chauvet <kwizart@gmail.com> Zoltán Böszörményi <zboszor@pr.hu> Colin Walters <walters@verbum.org> John Reiser <jreiser@bitwagon.com> Luca Berra <bluca@vodka.it> Shreenidhi Shedi <sshedi@vmware.com> Xunlei Pang <xlpang@redhat.com> Brian C. Lane <bcl@redhat.com> Daniel Drake <drake@endlessm.com> David Teigland <teigland@redhat.com> Dusty Mabe <dusty@dustymabe.com> Pavel Valena <pvalena@redhat.com> Angelo "pallotron" Failla <pallotron@fb.com> Dan Horák <dhorak@redhat.com> Ville Skyttä <ville.skytta@iki.fi> Böszörményi Zoltán <zboszor@pr.hu> Cristian Rodríguez <crrodriguez@opensuse.org> Javier Martinez Canillas <javierm@redhat.com> Ondrej Mosnacek <omosnace@redhat.com> Baoquan He <bhe@redhat.com> Brendan Germain <brendan.germain@nasdaqomx.com> Jonas Witschel <diabonas@gmx.de> Leho Kraav <leho@kraav.com> Marcos Mello <marcosfrm@gmail.com> Mike Gilbert <floppym@gentoo.org> Mikhail Novosyolov <m.novosyolov@rosalinux.ru> Moritz Maxeiner <moritz@ucworks.org> Nathan Rini <nate@ucar.edu> Radek Vykydal <rvykydal@redhat.com> Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek <zbyszek@in.waw.pl> Đoàn Trần Công Danh <congdanhqx@gmail.com> наб <nabijaczleweli@nabijaczleweli.xyz> Fabian Deutsch <fabiand@fedoraproject.org> Kamil Rytarowski <n54@gmx.com> Lidong Zhong <lidong.zhong@suse.com> Marc Grimme <grimme@atix.de> NeilBrown <neilb@suse.de> Peter Rajnoha <prajnoha@redhat.com> Thorsten Behrens <tbehrens@suse.com> q66 <daniel@octaforge.org> Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com> Chao Wang <chaowang@redhat.com> Frederic Crozat <fcrozat@suse.com> James Lee <jlee@thestaticvoid.com> Jesse Keating <jkeating@redhat.com> Masahiro Matsuya <mmatsuya@redhat.com> Milan Broz <mbroz@redhat.com> Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Norbert Lange <norbert.lange@andritz.com> Pingfan Liu <piliu@redhat.com> Roberto Sassu <roberto.sassu@polito.it> Stefan Reimer <it@startux.de> Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de> Tao Liu <ltao@redhat.com> Tony Asleson <tasleson@redhat.com> Zoltán Böszörményi <zboszor@gmail.com> Anton Blanchard <anton@samba.org> Bill Nottingham <notting@redhat.com> Chapman Flack <g2@anastigmatix.net> Chris Leech <cleech@redhat.com> David Cantrell <dcantrell@redhat.com> Dennis Gilmore <dennis@ausil.us> Doan Tran Cong Danh <congdanhqx@gmail.com> Gaël PORTAY <gael.portay@collabora.com> Jan Synacek <jsynacek@redhat.com> Jiri Konecny <jkonecny@redhat.com> Jon Ander Hernandez <jonan.h@gmail.com> Juan RP <xtraeme@gmail.com> Lance Albertson <lance@osuosl.org> Marian Ganisin <mganisin@redhat.com> Matthias Gerstner <matthias.gerstner@suse.de> Max Resch <resch.max@gmail.com> Michael Ploujnikov <plouj@somanetworks.com> Nicolas Porcel <nicolasporcel06@gmail.com> Pratyush Anand <panand@redhat.com> Silvio Fricke <silvio.fricke@gmail.com> Stefan Berger <stefanb@linux.ibm.com> Steven Brudenell <steven.brudenell@gmail.com> Stig Telfer <stelfer@cray.com> Thomas Backlund <tmb@mageia.org> Topi Miettinen <toiwoton@gmail.com> Vasiliy Tolstov <v.tolstov@selfip.ru> Wim Muskee <wimmuskee@gmail.com> Alan Jenkins <alan-jenkins@tuffmail.co.uk> Alan Pevec <apevec@redhat.com> Alex Harpin <development@landsofshadow.co.uk> Alexander Wenzel <alexander.wenzel@qbeyond.de> Alexey Shabalin <shaba@altlinux.org> Andre Russ <andre.russ@sap.com> Andreas Schwab <schwab@suse.de> Ankit Kumar <ankit@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Antony Messerli <amesserl@rackspace.com> Chao Fan <cfan@redhat.com> Coiby Xu <coxu@redhat.com> Cornelius Hoffmann <coding@hoffmn.de> Daniel Cordero <dracut@0xdc.io> Daniel Kahn Gillmor <dkg@fifthhorseman.net> Daniel Schaal <farbing@web.de> Denis Silakov <dsilakov@virtuozzo.com> Dimitri John Ledkov <dimitri.j.ledkov@intel.com> Erwan Velu <erwan.velu@enovance.com> Evgeny Vereshchagin <evvers@ya.ru> German Maglione <gmaglione@redhat.com> Guido Trentalancia <guido@trentalancia.net> Hari Bathini <hbathini@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Ian Dall <ian@beware.dropbear.id.au> Imran Haider <imran1008@gmail.com> James Buren <ryuo@frugalware.org> Jan Macku <jamacku@redhat.com> Joey Boggs <jboggs@redhat.com> José María Fernández <josemariafg@gmail.com> Julian Wolf <juwolf@suse.com> Kairui Song <kasong@tencent.com> Koen Kooi <koen@dominion.thruhere.net> Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com> Kyle McMartin <kmcmarti@redhat.com> Lee Duncan <lduncan@suse.com> Luiz Angelo Daros de Luca <luizluca@gmail.com> Lukas Wunner <lukas@wunner.de> Mariusz Tkaczyk <mariusz.tkaczyk@linux.intel.com> Marko Myllynen <myllynen@redhat.com> Matthew Thode <mthode@mthode.org> Michal Koutný <mkoutny@suse.com> Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com> Minfei Huang <mhuang@redhat.com> Nikoli <nikoli@gmx.us> Patrick Talbert <ptalbert@redhat.com> Pedro Monreal <pmgdeb@gmail.com> Petr Pavlu <petr.pavlu@suse.com> Przemysław Rudy <prudy1@o2.pl> Robert LeBlanc <robert@leblancnet.us> Robert Scheck <robert@fedoraproject.org> Stefan Berger <stefanb@us.ibm.com> Thomas Lange <lange@informatik.uni-koeln.de> Till Maas <opensource@till.name> Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com> Vladislav Bogdanov <bubble@hoster-ok.com> nkraetzschmar <nkraetzschmar@users.noreply.github.com> Érico Rolim <erico.erc@gmail.com> A. Wilcox <AWilcox@Wilcox-Tech.com> Adam Alves <adamoa@gmail.com> Adrien Thierry <athierry@redhat.com> Alexander Kurtz <alexander@kurtz.be> Alexander Miroshnichenko <alex@millerson.name> Alexander Sosedkin <asosedkin@redhat.com> Alexander Todorov <atodorov@redhat.com> Alexey Kodanev <alexey.kodanev@oracle.com> Andreas Stieger <astieger@suse.com> Andrew J. Hesford <ajh@sideband.org> Andrey Sokolov <keremet@altlinux.org> Andy Lutomirski <luto@mit.edu> Anjali Kulkarni <anjali.k.kulkarni@oracle.com> Anssi Hannula <anssi@mageia.org> Antz <antzz@protonmail.ch> Arnaud Rebillout <arnaud.rebillout@collabora.com> Artem Savkov <asavkov@redhat.com> Attila Bruncsak <bruncsak@users.noreply.github.com> B. Wilson <x@wilsonb.com> Ben Howard <ben.howard@redhat.com> Benjamin Gilbert <bgilbert@redhat.com> Benjamin Marzinski <bmarzins@redhat.com> Brandon Philips <brandon@ifup.co> Brandon Sloane <btsloane@verizon.net> Bruno E. O. Meneguele <bmeneg@redhat.com> Bryn M. Reeves <bmr@redhat.com> Canek Peláez Valdés <caneko@gmail.com> Carlo Caione <carlo@endlessm.com> Chad Dupuis <chad.dupuis@cavium.com> Charles Rose <charles.rose@dell.com> Christian Heinz <christian.ch.heinz@gmail.com> Cong Wang <amwang@redhat.com> Conrad Hoffmann <ch@bitfehler.net> Dan Fuhry <dfuhry@datto.com> Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com> David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com> David Michael <david.michael@coreos.com> Denis Volkov <denis@simpletexting.net> Dennis Schridde <devurandom@gmx.net> Derek Hageman <hageman@inthat.cloud> Derek Higgins <derekh@redhat.com> Dirk Müller <dirk@dmllr.de> Donovan Tremura <neurognostic@protonmail.ch> Duane Griffin <duaneg@dghda.com> Elan Ruusamäe <glen@delfi.ee> Enno Boland <g@s01.de> Enzo Matsumiya <ematsumiya@suse.de> Eugene S. Sobolev <sobolev@protei.ru> Eugene Syromiatnikov <esyr@redhat.com> Evgeni Golov <evgeni@golov.de> Fabian Vogt <fvogt@suse.de> Florian Albrechtskirchinger <falbrechtskirchinger@gmail.com> Florian Gamböck <mail@floga.de> Frank Deng <frank.deng@oracle.com> François Cami <fcami@fedoraproject.org> Gerd von Egidy <gerd.von.egidy@intra2net.com> Glen Gray <slaine@slaine.org> Glenn Morris <rgm@stanford.edu> GuoChuang <guo.chuang@zte.com.cn> HATAYAMA Daisuke <d.hatayama@jp.fujitsu.com> Hari Bathini <hbathini@linux.ibm.com> Hendrik Brueckner <brueckner@linux.ibm.com> Henrik Gombos <henrik99999@gmail.com> Hermann Gausterer <git-dracut-2012@mrq1.org> Hiroaki Mizuguchi <hiroaki-m@iij.ad.jp> Hongxu Jia <hongxu.jia@windriver.com> Hui Wang <john.wanghui@huawei.com> Ignaz Forster <iforster@suse.com> Jacob Wen <jian.w.wen@oracle.com> James Laska <jlaska@redhat.com> James Morris <morisja@gmail.com> Jan Stodola <jstodola@redhat.com> Jaroslav Jindrak <dzejrou@gmail.com> Jason Dana <jasondana@quarksecurity.com> Jens Heise <46450477+heisej@users.noreply.github.com> Jeremy Linton <lintonrjeremy@gmail.com> Jiri Pirko <jiri@resnulli.us> Joe Lawrence <Joe.Lawrence@stratus.com> Johannes Thumshirn <jthumshirn@suse.com> Jonas Jelten <jj@sft.lol> Jonas Jonsson <jonas@websystem.se> Jonas Witschel <diabonas@archlinux.org> Kevin Yung <Kevin.Yung@myob.com> Lars R. Damerow <lars@pixar.com> Lars Wendler <polynomial-c@gentoo.org> Lennart Poettering <lennart@poettering.net> Lennert Buytenhek <buytenh@wantstofly.org> Lev Veyde <lveyde@redhat.com> Lianbo Jiang <lijiang@redhat.com> LinkTed <link.ted@mailbox.org> Luca BRUNO <luca.bruno@coreos.com> Lucas C. Villa Real <lucasvr@gmail.com> Major Hayden <major@mhtx.net> Marc-Antoine Perennou <Marc-Antoine@Perennou.com> Marek Marczykowski-Górecki <marmarek@invisiblethingslab.com> Marian Csontos <mcsontos@redhat.com> Mark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.de> Matt <smoothsailing72@hotmail.com> Matt Smith <shadowfax@gmx.com> Matthias Berndt <matthias_berndt@gmx.de> Mei Liu <liumbj@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Michael Chapman <mike@very.puzzling.org> Michael McCracken <michael.mccracken@gmail.com> Michal Hecko <mhecko@redhat.com> Michal Schmidt <mschmidt@redhat.com> Michal Sekletar <msekleta@redhat.com> Mike Gorse <mgorse@suse.com> Moritz 'Morty' Strübe <morty@gmx.net> Morten Linderud <morten@linderud.pw> Munehiro Matsuda <haro@kgt.co.jp> Nicolas Saenz Julienne <nsaenzjulienne@suse.de> Olivier Blin <dev@blino.org> Ondrej Dubaj <odubaj@redhat.com> P J P <ppandit@redhat.com> Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com> Paul Robins <exp@users.noreply.github.com> Pavel Zhukov <pzhukov@redhat.com> Pawel Wieczorkiewicz <pwieczorkiewicz@suse.de> Pekka Wallendahl <wyrmiyu@gmail.com> Peter Georg <peter.georg@physik.uni-regensburg.de> Peter Levine <plevine457@gmail.com> Petr Tesarik <ptesarik@suse.com> Petr Vorel <pvorel@suse.cz> Prarit Bhargava <prarit@redhat.com> Praveen_Paladugu@Dell.com <Praveen_Paladugu@Dell.com> Pádraig Brady <P@draigBrady.com> Quentin Armitage <quentin@armitage.org.uk> Robert Buchholz <rbu@goodpoint.de> Ruben Kerkhof <ruben@rubenkerkhof.com> Rumbaut Thomas <Thomas.Rumbaut@digipolis.gent> Rusty Bird <rustybird@openmailbox.org> Savyasachee Jha <genghizkhan91@hawkradius.com> Sebastian Mitterle <smitterl@redhat.com> Sergei Iudin <tsipa740@gmail.com> Sergey Fionov <fionov@gmail.com> Shawn W Dunn <sfalken@opensuse.org> Srinivasa T N <seenutn@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Stijn Hoop <stijn@sandcat.nl> Sullivan (CTR), Austin <austin.sullivan.ctr@progeny.net> Thierry Vignaud <thierry.vignaud@gmail.com> Thilo Bangert <thilo.bangert@gmx.net> Thomas Abraham <tabraham@suse.com> Thomas Haller <thaller@redhat.com> Tobias Geerinckx <tobias.geerinckx@gmail.com> Tobias Klauser <tklauser@distanz.ch> Tom Gundersen <teg@jklm.no> Tomasz Torcz <tomek@pipebreaker.pl> Tong Li <tonli@redhat.com> Vadim Kuznetsov <vadimk@gentoo.org> Vaughan Cao <vaughan.cao@oracle.com> Vladius25 <vkorol2509@icloud.com> Vratislav Podzimek <vpodzime@redhat.com> Wenchao Hao <haowenchao@huawei.com> Yang Liu <50459973+ly4096x@users.noreply.github.com> Yanko Kaneti <yaneti@declera.com> Zhiguo Deng <bjzgdeng@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Ziyue Yang <ziyang@redhat.com> foopub <45460217+foopub@users.noreply.github.com> gaoyi <ymuemc@163.com> honza801 <honza801@gmail.com> jbash aka John Bashinski <jbash@velvet.com> jloeser <jloeser@suse.de> johannes <johannes.brechtmann@gmail.com> jonathan-teh <30538043+jonathan-teh@users.noreply.github.com> joshuacov1 <joshuacov@gmail.com> lapseofreason <lapseofreason0@gmail.com> leo-lb <lle-bout@zaclys.net> logan <logancaldwell23@gmail.com> masem <matej.semian@gmail.com> maximilian attems <max@stro.at> mulhern <amulhern@redhat.com> mwberry <mwberry@users.noreply.github.com> nabijaczleweli <nabijaczleweli@gmail.com> privb0x23 <privb0x23@users.noreply.github.com> realtime-neil <neil@rtr.ai> xtraeme <xtraeme@voidlinux.eu> Дамјан Георгиевски <gdamjan@gmail.com> PK ["\� �� � dracut.pngnu �[��� �PNG IHDR U B &&�y �IDATx�Zx�H�=#��0sn�M�PZ� 333���n 333�2c!���0:N��-��9�>?fh��;_�G1Jg�=F��<������{���'鰰�Ə�؏��]���)�:��5�5�m�-�-����υB�������-l��mՑ#G>"��Y�}�@ ><<���zTTT �A����L&���-����ʕ+(�J /��~����W��K���I��Ç�@���x��7������0 ���8�� �4aYM>۶�����g��̙3(��z��[��[~�� ��#�}-<�a� ��W~ڀ���2��~;��� V.�#��5��0쳘�}뭷099)�+90� �9����\�}[y�o�����'�<z���g�����*# � �t*�ӧ�04��`0���M$��2�KyLͥ�H�.�/:��Q[DKm���X�F�d����� ��� �a`�� �e��H&� .� >�۾�;����� 2����@�������<� �9����ر���;�k�.d����������%�1���z���#Aģ����]D:[D&_D0``����6ঁZ��ǩ��^~�e��c�p� ���<�3Sg�si�������&��c� H�Qy;[�K �9���ELO_��|ʧ����D����K��7�o/�+��n���f4�ƨ���_y�\W�61����8� Mq|� ���YKK =@���^���ٻ��q���P4t7���n@�zk[��D���%M"���F�15u �������6,..j�����4J.01��j�ĵ���P A$@�2�.�[��"2��^�d���s�x����|�����GSS=A{���?�X<*��Fggwqf���+Pa�u�wZN�D7����ho��/��; 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�fʶ .�-��c ��nX��R�,K4�j�.P�)j��H뽘5gP�V��>�ep���݇'*�����a�p�G ������ų88� �վ���^ Ͼ7S@���A�L�Y~8�� "�� ��� d�c�ohKKˉ��֦�n� �I�]a���mZ��A���$��o��; �{���P�<�&�Dr��- �?�W�@F���395`)��$i]���� ^�§�x��ʁ�� Xx�Ƃ ����[5?��y����`� k�*�El����uvv��s�k��#C��Q�ϫ)��ET���tJ�Z�niݒ�?�|�/��X6��C����v��7f���h*Kݒ z�X��655��\p������{ﲾT��Z�CM���OiKV�Y�� �IC�*} �Lh����Gqw��6Tm~��$�Kf-��.���� h�l���wŰ`��u����ec�dud\Ľ� �_�N�@��9�#�8����?|s�Z��zo�q�$�-� ��$ 4�pރ��&��hnn��@��[�i�#�� t�9 �q�;^@���.�s=��Hϗ��z~����1Oj*����ݳ�>{�4}!i+W���er��80n[�t��N�* `�T��~@9��"��,�X�<����Q5g���Xʋ�wi�P�T��%��X�{�>O�̕S����W��*Ȉ>~�� ��u��zi�di�[�$Ĵ�f�I"b+3# � ��R T\c#�� ���O�E6�w������[���!{:T�8D��V��l�`W$�Ԣ��9�E��<�� TTI��}O%��0n��̍Ȥ���OR@���}W* �]�|A���?g� ��p�9�;#=Z�iY���=���)� �t�*�֮��ޚz��~��D.8��3��+iU�� h8�`� YZ ��?N�H�)���M��o������-}� \q�@>�G ��:PP}�����pM�0���;I�f,6T���er|��Go�qũ 7 ,�w03i@�&��� )S�,�3���i/+F-��1 ����>���M�d�?� �> � 4 j:��?� �E�����P���:u��Q ٣�� IEND�B`�PK ["\��*Bi i README.mdnu �[��� dracut ==== dracut is an event driven initramfs infrastructure. [](.github/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md) [](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/actions?query=workflow%3AFedora-32) [](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/actions?query=workflow%3AFedora-33) [](https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut/actions?query=workflow%3AFedora-latest) dracut (the tool) is used to create an initramfs image by copying tools and files from an installed system and combining it with the dracut framework, usually found in /usr/lib/dracut/modules.d. Unlike other implementations, dracut hard-codes as little as possible into the initramfs. The initramfs has (basically) one purpose in life -- getting the rootfs mounted so that we can transition to the real rootfs. This is all driven off of device availability. Therefore, instead of scripts hard-coded to do various things, we depend on udev to create device nodes for us and then when we have the rootfs's device node, we mount and carry on. This helps to keep the time required in the initramfs as little as possible so that things like a 5 second boot aren't made impossible as a result of the very existence of an initramfs. Most of the initramfs generation functionality in dracut is provided by a bunch of generator modules that are sourced by the main dracut script to install specific functionality into the initramfs. They live in the modules.d subdirectory, and use functionality provided by dracut-functions to do their work. Currently dracut lives on github.com and kernel.org. The tarballs can be found here: http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/boot/dracut/ ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/boot/dracut/ Git: https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut.git http://git.kernel.org/?p=boot/dracut/dracut.git Project Documentation: http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/boot/dracut/dracut.html Project Wiki: http://dracut.wiki.kernel.org See the github issue tracker for things which still need to be done and HACKING.md for some instructions on how to get started. There is also a mailing list that is being used for the discussion -- initramfs@vger.kernel.org. It is a typical vger list, send mail to majordomo@vger.kernel.org with body of 'subscribe initramfs email@host.com' Licensed under the GPLv2 PK ["\w\��! ! dracut.htmlnu �[��� PK ["\Ns�� �� <! NEWS.mdnu �[��� PK ["\lpFF}' }' " HACKING.mdnu �[��� PK ["\��+Y Y �5 dracut.svgnu �[��� PK ["\��W�3 �3 lG AUTHORSnu �[��� PK ["\� �� � 4{ dracut.pngnu �[��� PK ["\��*Bi i F� README.mdnu �[��� PK �
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